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| Theory of the universe that states the earth is the center, and that the sun revolves around it. |
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| Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it. |
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| Offshoot of the Renaissance which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about workings of the universe. One main idea to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the Scientific Method. Which uses observation and experimentation that explain theories on how the universe works. |
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| The spread of ideas throughout different countries during trade and war. |
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| Use of observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe. |
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| Italian scientist who formated the basic law of falling bodies by constructing a telescope with which he studied lunar craters, and discovered four moons. |
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| Discovered the law of gravity. |
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| Causes of the Scientific Revolution |
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Interest in philosophy and mathematics |
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| Believed that all people have 3 natural rights, life, liberty, and property. |
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created a social contract between people and government. |
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| Concept of John Locke’s that states all people have the right to life, liberty, and property. |
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An agreement people make with the government. |
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| people holding extreme revolutionary views. |
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| The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress. |
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| Term given to the middle class people in society. |
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| Spanish born in latin america. |
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| Joined forces to defeat spanish armies. |
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| (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. |
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| Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty. |
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| French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people. |
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| meetings held to share ideas of the enlightenment. |
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| A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas. |
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| Extreme pride in ones country. |
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| A system of government in which a king or queen stood as head of state, but his or her power was limited by real power lying in a legislature and an independent court system. |
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| comprehensive reformation and codification of the French civil laws. |
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| Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. |
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| A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status. |
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| Fought for mexico's independence. |
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| A quick and dramatic change. |
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| Denial of rights,Economic Debt,Enlightenment ideas |
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| Class system in France before the French Revolution. There were three Estates, First Estate was Clergy, Second was Nobility, and Third was peasants, merchants, and townspeople. |
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| King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded. |
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| was a French lawyer and politician who became one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution. |
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| First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution. |
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| A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia. |
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| an agreement between the Apostolic See and a government of a certain country on religious matters |
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| Napoleon's impact on Europe |
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| Napoleon had a negative affect on Europe and he cost the lives of many people but he did give them reason to hope. |
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| General that organized and led military forces to free the northern portion of South America from Spanish rule in the early nineteenth century. |
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| Successfully defeated Napoleon and led his country to its independence. |
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| Money that is used for investment. |
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| change to industrial methods of production. |
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| A company with business dealings in many different areas. |
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| a term used to describe political philosophies that favour tradition, where tradition refers to various religious, cultural, or nationally |
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| The manufacturing of products on a large scale, usually through the use of machines. |
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| A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care. |
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proposed communism with karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto. |
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| name for an ideal society |
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| an Italian military and political leader. |
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| American education reformer |
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| A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution. |
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| was the economic system before the Progressive Era |
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| The movement of people to urban areas in search of work. |
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| A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. |
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| An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand. |
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| an organisation of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages and hours. |
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| Term given to the working class people in society. |
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was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. |
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| often used as a predicate for untitled German nobility |
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| (1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war. |
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| In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
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| in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution. |
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| is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. |
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| all manufacture of products like textiles was done at home and on a small scale |
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| a person who has possession over a new company, enterprise, or venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks |
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(1818-1883), German political philosopher and writer. Coauthor with Friedrich Engels of The Communist Manifesto which described the new philosophy of scientific socialism, which is the basis for modern communism. |
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| A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. |
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| was an Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. His efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers |
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| (1815-1898) Appointed Prussian chancellor in 1862. he began a program of war to unify all the German states under the control of Prussia. His policy was known as Blüt und Eisen or Blood and Iron. He was the most powerful statesman in Europe as chancellor of the new German Empire from 1871 to 1890. He was known as the Iron Chancellor. |
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| are the resources employed to produce goods and services |
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| (1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. |
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| A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony. |
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| Emilio Aguinaldo headed the Philippine revolutionary government that, in May and June 1898, defeated Spanish forces in Manila and other parts of Luzon and the Visayas. On June 12, 1898, he proclaimed Independence from the window of his house in Cavite El Viejo town (now Kawit), south of Manila. |
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| A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism. |
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| compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. |
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Archduke Ferdinand's Assassination |
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| Political policy that is dominated by the military and the competitive buildup of arms. |
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| An address given to the United States’ Congress by President Woodrow Wilson concerning the end of World War I and the treatment of all concerned with the war. The speech outlines the League of Nations and the ideas of self determination for different ethnic groups. |
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| An alliance that was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during World War I. |
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| individuals, groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common or purpose |
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| leader of Communist experiment in USSR. Read about the man who made theory into reality. |
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| The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union. |
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| were a class enemy of the poorer peasants |
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| The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation. |
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| Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners |
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| In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars. Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties. |
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| (1900) A rebellion by the people of China to end foreign domination. |
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| The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868. |
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| A group of nations or organizations formed to support a common goal. |
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| A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches. |
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| (1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. |
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| An alliance that was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain during World War I. |
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| using everything you own for war |
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| A multinational peace keeping organization which began as an idea of United States President Woodrow Wilson following the first World War. The Treaty of Versailles created a League with over 40 different countries joining. The United States was not one of them. The League of Nations was to be an international body that would settle future problems through negotiations instead of warfare. The member nations were to work cooperatively through economic and military means to enforce its decisions. However, since the United States did not join, the League never achieved its intentions. While the League did attempt to halt the aggressiveness of Hitler's Germany, their inherent weakness prevented them from stopping World War II. |
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As ruler of the USSR from 1929 to 1953, Stalin was in charge of soviet policies during the early phrase of the cold war. |
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| An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods. |
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| A poem by Rudyard Kipling written in 1899. It is also the name given to the idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling’s poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands. |
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| (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. |
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| The Soviet system of forced labor camps was first established in 1919 under the Cheka, but it was not until the early 1930s that the camp population reached significant numbers. |
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| An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere. |
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| the fight over who gets what in africa |
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| Archduke Francis Ferdinand |
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| was heir to the Austrian throne who was assainated which brought about WW1 |
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| Treaty of Versailles(1919) |
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| Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II. |
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| A political policy of the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United States could intervene in the affairs of South America. |
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| The nations opposed to the Allied Powers in World War I : Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey |
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| a specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda. |
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| Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917. |
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| An ideology where all social, economic, and political powers are centered in the government completely. |
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| Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after World War II. Included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms, often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants resisted this policy. |
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| A system of government that promotes extreme nationalism, repression, anticommunism, and is ruled by a dictator. |
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| used by historians to signify the democratic and republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. |
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| The ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control. |
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| The policy of pacifying an aggressive nation in the hopes of avoiding further conflict. |
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| The massive air war against Great Britain by the Nazi war machine in Germany. Nearly nightly bombings occurred between summer of 1940 and summer of 1941 before German withdrew. Great Britain fought alone during this year and never gave up. |
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| is a harbor on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941 brought the United States into World War II. |
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| Participants describe the planning and execution of the Normandy invasion during World War II, and the battle for the French beaches. |
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| A system of government in which a country is ruled by a single person with absolute power. |
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| refers to the undoing of colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country |
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| (1930) Passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt. |
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| is a concept in Nazi ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic people |
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| sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin,respectively. |
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| The hatred of people of Jewish descent. |
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| was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism |
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| is a book by the Austrian-born leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler. |
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| (1874-1965), the son of Lord Randolph Churchill and an American mother, was educated at Harrow and Sandhurst. After a brief but eventful career in the army, he became a Conservative Member of Parliament in 1900. He held many high posts in Liberal and Conservative governments during the first three decades of the century. |
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| The attempted genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, mentally retarded, homosexuals, and others by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. |
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| Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. |
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| War crime trials held in Nuremburg after World War II to try the surviving Nazis concerning the Holocaust, aggressive war making, mistreatment of prisoners among other things. |
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| An international body composed of many countries that seeks to promote peace, prosperity, and cooperation around the world. It was formed in 1945 at the end of World War II. |
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| Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-violent protest to achieve political and social progress has been hugely influential. |
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| to divide up a piece of land into separate portions representing the proportionate interests of the tenants |
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| In 1938 Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Italy met in Munich to decide what action, if any, to take concerning Germany’s aggression in Czechoslovakia. |
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| (1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world’s economy due to the United State’s stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies. |
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| (1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust. |
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| official Nazi designation for the regime in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945 |
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| German word meaning lightning war. It was a German army tactic during World War II which called for quick moving, hard hitting drives into enemy territory. |
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| The killing of all the people from a ethnic group, religious group, or people from a specific nation. |
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| Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II. |
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| Just before the First World War two German scientists, James Franck and Gustav Hertz carried out experiments where they bombarded mercury atoms with electrons and traced the energy changes that resulted from the collisions. Their experiments helped to substantiate they theory put forward by Nils Bohr that an atom can absorb internal energy only in precise and definite amounts. |
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Term given to the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.
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| was the official secret police of Nazi Germany |
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| was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II |
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| (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. |
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| A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union’s policy of isolation during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. Its most poignant symbol was the Berlin Wall. |
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| Economic aid from the United States used to rebuild Europe after World War II. Named after United States Secretary of State George Marshall. |
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| The economic program designed to increase farm and industrial output though the creation of communes. Communes are similar to Soviet collectives in that groups of people live and work together on government owned farms and in government owned industry. |
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| The idea that countries bordering communist countries were in more danger of falling to communism unless the United States and other western nations worked to prevent it. |
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| A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia. |
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(1894-1971) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Khrushchev was critical of Stalin’s policies and attempted to reverse some of them. He is responsible for placing nuclear missiles in Cuba which resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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| A policy during the Cold War which was aimed at relaxing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The policy calls for increase diplomatic and commercial activity. |
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| One time terrorist organization, now considered to be a legitimate political body whose goals have been to create a nation-state for the displaced Palestinians. The PLO is lead by Yasir Arafat. |
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| an Arabic word for shaking off, though it is generally translated into English as rebellion |
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| (1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek. |
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| A cold war policy that called for containing communism to areas already under its influence. This policy was proposed by U.S. President Harry Truman. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an international defense alliance between the United States, Great Britain, and others formed in 1949 as a response to the spread of communism. |
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| Line of latitude which divided North and South Korea. |
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| assassination marked the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup d'état led by General Duong Van Minh |
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| Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist dictator of Cuba. He is responsible for making Cuba a socialist country which has often been at odds with the United States. Notably, the bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. |
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| (1906-1982) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. During his control of the Soviet Union, relations with the West, as well as the Soviet economy, experienced a long period of stagnation. |
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| the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, extended from November 1969 to May 1972. During that period the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated the first agreements to place limits and restraints on some of their central and most important armaments |
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| (1929- ) President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority to speak for the Palestinians. His goals is to create a homeland for the displaced Palestinians. |
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A political policy in South Africa where black South Africans could only live in certain areas, were required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurants, and schools, and could not enter into an interracial marriage.
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| March the Mao Zedong and his Communist Party underwent to avoid being captured and killed by China’s Nationalist Party. |
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| A policy if the Truman presidency that called for supporting any nation resisting communism. |
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| An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955. |
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| (1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation. |
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| The name of the Vietnamese communist who fought against South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War. |
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| (1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989. |
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| (1961) Crises that developed as a result of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro’s decision to allow the Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba. Upon discovery, the United States confronted the Soviet Union and demanded the missiles be removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war was imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and crisis was averted. |
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| a black man or a dark skinned white man of semite origins |
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| Document which provided the framework for peace in the Middle East. |
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| (1918 - )A black South African leader who protested the policy of Apartheid and spent over thirty years in prison before becoming the first black president of South Africa. |
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| (1931- ), leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost, which aimed at revitalizing the Soviet Union contributed to the downfall of communism. |
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| (1931- ) President of Russia. He was elected before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. He served until 1999. Yeltsin was instrumental in keeping a cout d’etat from occurring which would have returned hard line communists to power in Russia. |
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| An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. |
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| The removal of people of a specific ethnic group by means of genocide, terror, or forced expulsion. |
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| A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry. |
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| (1904-1997) Chinese Communist leader. Ruled from 1978 until 1997. |
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| A promise made by British Prime Minister Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish people. |
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| A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to revitalize the Soviet economy by opening it up to more free enterprise. |
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| An economic and social program that called for limited privatization of agriculture and industry, encouraged foreign investment and foreign trade, and resulted in a boost for the Chinese economy. Unlike the Great Leap Forward, the Four Modernizations was an economic success. |
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| (1860-1904) Leader of Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. |
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