Term
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Definition
sources of climate information from natural or human archives used to estimate climate conditions prior to modern period. |
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When was the little ice age? |
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Definition
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Term
How long is it between interglacial periods? |
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Definition
100,000 years. (125, 225, 325...) |
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Definition
extended period of cold climate including glacials and interglacials |
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Definition
times of ice accumulations, cold spells, 90,000 years |
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Definition
times of ice retreat, brief warm spells, 10,000 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
times with no permanent ice on earth |
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when did the last glacial maximum ed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tectonics and ocean circulation, orbital ariations, solar variability, atmospheric factors (volcanoes, greenhouse gas fluctuations) |
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Term
how do plate tectonics affect climate change? |
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Definition
land masses move, change ocean flow and landmass concentration. |
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how do ocean currents affect climate change? |
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Definition
sinking, cold, salty water from artic and antarctic goes south in atlantic, warm water goes north. change in directions changes climate. |
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Definition
100,000 years. earths orbit around sun varies from nearly circular to an elipse. circle = warmer |
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Definition
41,000 yr cycle. earth's axial tilt varies from 22 to 24 deg. if it's tilted more, the poles get more sun. |
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Definition
26,000 yr cycle. axis wobbles and changes the orientation of hemispheres toward the sun. eventually, aphelion is dec 4th instead of july 4th. |
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Definition
solar flares, sun spots, irradiance go up every 11 yrs. high 1991, 2001. low 1996. |
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Term
atmospheric perturbations |
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Definition
natural and anthropogenic short term climate change. pinatubo, el nino, la nina. |
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Term
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Definition
water, NOx, CO2, Methane, CFCs |
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Term
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Definition
gases transparent to shortwave, but absorb and reemit longwave radiation |
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Term
What causes increase in CO2? |
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Definition
fossil fuel burning, fires, deforestation, cement making |
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Term
What causes increase in Methane? |
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Definition
as ocean warms, thaws frozen Deep Sea Methane Hydrate. also, Rice, livestock, coal mining |
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What causes increase in N2O? |
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Definition
Internal combustion, fertilizer, manure |
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Term
effects of greenhouse gases on energy budget |
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Definition
less heat escapes to space, more LW radiation emission of atmo to earth, increased LW absorbtion by atmo |
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Term
Why is NOx worse than CO2? |
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Definition
Higher GWP, absorbs more LW, longer atmo lifetime. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Historical Data record length |
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Definition
since 221 BC in China, whole world since 1000. |
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Term
What does Historical Data measure? |
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Definition
observations of weather phenomena, data through measurement and indirect observations (planting season length) |
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Definition
firsthand accounts, usually dated, from most inhabited places |
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Definition
calendars might be off, language/handwriting, exaggeration, etc |
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Term
What do tree rings measure? |
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Definition
temperature and moisture of growing seasons |
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Term
How long is tree ring record? |
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Definition
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Definition
doesnt damage living tree, dead trees preserve well and can be compared to living, high resolution |
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Definition
they only record growing seasons (in temperate zones) so can't see winter. tropical trees have no rings. only available where trees are. |
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Term
what do ice cores measure? |
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Definition
atmo composition, wind speed, volcanoes, temperature |
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Term
length of ice core record |
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Definition
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Definition
found on 6 continents, can be cross-references, traps actual bubbles of atmo, accurate |
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Definition
expensive, melting can ruin layering, can be altered by wind or ice flow |
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What do ocean/lake sediments measure? |
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Definition
microorganisms, pollen, plankton for climate history |
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Term
how long is ocean/lake sediment record? |
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Definition
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Term
pros of ocean/lake sediments |
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Definition
show what plants grew, temp of earth, conditions in climate for these fossils to be abundant |
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Term
cons of ocean/lake sediments |
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Definition
water currents can mix record, really hard to do |
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Term
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Definition
calcium carbonate skeletons' growth rings. reflect conditions of oceans - nutrients, temperature, sea level, storms |
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how long is coral record? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fine resolution, easy to see year bands, record composiiton of ocean and temp |
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Term
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Definition
areas with little seasonability - no banding. no way to tell monthly from yearly in high seasonability |
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what is measured in caves? |
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Definition
precipitation record, seasonal length, |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
influenced by geography, ground water chemistry |
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What does IPCC say causes global warming? |
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Definition
increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases |
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Term
what do climate models do? |
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Definition
day to day weather forecasts, analysing local severe weather, predicting future climates, modeling the atmos of different planets |
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Term
what are global circulation models? |
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Definition
simulation of atmospheric circulations and interannual oscillations. used to forecast climate trends |
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Term
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Definition
A2 (a divided world, independent nations, uncontrolled pop growth, slow tech changes, regionally oriented) |
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Definition
B1 (integrated, ecofriendly. rapid econ growth, slow pop growth, clean, efficient tech) |
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Term
what is the high forecast for temp change? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the low forceast for temp change? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the middle forecast for temp change? |
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Definition
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Term
consequences of global warming |
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Definition
more frequent heat waves, more intense and longer droughts, shifting crop patterns, extended wildfire season, more intense storms, melting glaciers, changing sea level, increase in water vapor, expansion of malaria |
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Term
what and when is kyoto protocol? |
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Definition
1997. 159 country signatories, 38 mandated to reduce emissions, voluntary limits on developing countries (China!) aims for reduction of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012 |
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Term
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Definition
in Copenhagen, 2009, global agreement on climate change |
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Term
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Definition
CFLs, (90bil lbs of CO2) Moving thermostat 2F (2,000lbs/fam) recycling (2400lbs/fam), inflate tires, eat less meat, farmers markets |
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Term
what is the control for diurnal energy cycles? |
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Definition
insolation, earth's rotation |
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Term
equation for net radiation |
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Definition
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what determines daily cycle of temperature? |
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Definition
daily cycle of net radiation |
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what happens to increase temperature? |
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Definition
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what happens to decrease temp? |
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Definition
net radiation goes negative |
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Term
what happens to radiation at night? |
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Definition
terrestrial radiation emitted surpasses terrestrial radiation emitted to surface by atmo |
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Term
what does net radiation graph look like? |
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Definition
like temp graph, but shifted down and to left |
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Term
what happens at sunrise to net rad and temp? |
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Definition
some solar radiation appears, but it is still negative for awhile, so temp still decreases, coldest about 2 hrs after sunrise |
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Term
What happens when net radiation = 0 in morning? |
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Definition
minimum temp, then increase |
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Term
what makes the net radiation go positive in morning? |
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Definition
as sun moves higher in sky, more solar radiation reaches surface, net rad = positive |
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Term
when does solar radiation peak? what's going on with temp? |
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Definition
peaks at noon, when sun is highest in sky. maximum net radiation of the day. temp still increasing |
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Term
what happens in late afternoon? |
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Definition
the sun moves lower in the sky, net radiation decreases to 0, at 0, maximum temperature (3pm) |
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Term
what happens in evening to net radiation? |
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Definition
net radiation goes negative again, temp starts to decrease. |
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Term
what do clouds do to net radiation? |
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Definition
decrease daytime temp by lowering insolation and increase night time temp by rereflecting LW |
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Term
what month is net rad highest? |
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Definition
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what month is temp highest? |
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Definition
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what month is the min of net radiation? |
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Definition
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Definition
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what are controls of latitudinal variations in energy? |
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Definition
daylength and solar altitude angle |
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Term
what happens to net radiation at poles during winter? |
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Definition
net radiation goes negative for whole time |
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Term
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Definition
the heat required to raise 1g of water by 1C |
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Term
What has a low Specific heat? |
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Definition
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Term
what has a high specific heat? |
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Definition
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Term
what does water do to temp variability |
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Definition
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Term
why doesnt land retain temperature? |
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Definition
no mixing of surface and inner soil, the surface is opaque and there is no evaporation |
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Term
why does water retain temperature? |
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Definition
surface transparent, greater mixing, greater evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
an ordered, interrelated set of things and their attributes. distinct from surrounding environment, linked by energy flow. |
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Term
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Definition
energy and matter flow freely in and out of system |
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Definition
shut off from the environment, self contained |
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Term
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Definition
amplifies or encourages response (snowball) |
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Term
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Definition
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arctic feedback if warming continues |
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Definition
+, warming melts ice which reduces aledo which reduces refelction -, more evap=more snow=increased albedo |
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Term
Carbon feedbacks if warming continues |
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Definition
+, CO2 dissolves in cold water = water sinks = resurfaces and escapes in warmer water
-, phytoplankton take up CO2, more phyto when warm |
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Term
Ocean feedbacks to warming |
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Definition
+, warming releases CO2bubbles -, more evaporation/clouds, more albedo, more phyto to eat CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
+, warmer = more rain = rocks weathered into atmo and ocean -, warmer = more plants = less CO2, |
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Definition
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Definition
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threshold (tipping point) |
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Definition
when a system can no longer resist changeee |
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Term
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Definition
any ongoing process or discrete event that alters the energy of the system |
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Term
why is arctic sea ice at tipping point? |
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Definition
permanent blue ice melting, cant be recovered in annual cycle, still reaching an ice minimum even with cold 08 winter. feedback leads to more ocean warming, methane burps from melting ice, more warming. |
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