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Definition
1. A comprehensive set of political, economic, social religious beliefs.
2. the study of ideology means understanding opinions, values, cultural beliefs that dominate a society and differentiate it from other societies.
3. a set of beliefs that justify certain interests, and reflects and rationalizes particular political, economic, religious, and social interests (ex. slavery in the US, execution of children for stealing bread) |
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| Development of the Science of Ideas |
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Definition
1. End of 1700's- Count Antoine Desuti de Tracy thought up developing the science of ideas.
2. Napoleon supported ideologues, but then became an opponent after they criticized his policies. -this made "ideologists" an expression of contempt.
3. Desuti de Tracy- defined ideology as a comprehensive vision, way of looking at things/understanding the world.
4. Marx and Engels- used word "ideology" fourty years later in "The German Ideology". |
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| Huntington's Eight Civilizations |
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Definition
| Sinic (China/SE Asia), Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox, Western, Latin American, African |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Primarily Class Struggle |
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| Anarchism, Socialism, Marxism, Communism (all varieties) |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Primarily the Individual |
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| Liberal Socialism, Liberalism, Libertarianism |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Primarily the Collective Socialism |
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| Socialism, Marxism (Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism, Neo-Marxism, etc.), Religious Socialism (Christian Socialism), Democratic Socialism (secular) |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Ethnicity or Nationality |
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| Nationalism (Arab Nationalism, Zionism [believe in return of Jews to Palestine], French Nationalism, etc.), Regionalism (Pan Arabism, Pan Africanism), Ethnic Supremacy (Fascism, Neo Fascism, Nazism, Neo Nazism, Racism, etc.) |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Tradition |
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| Christian Democracy, Conservatism, Neo-Conservatism |
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| Ideologies Emphasizing Religion |
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| Christian based ideologies, Hindu/Jewish/Islamic based ideologies, Theocracy, etc. |
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Cold War: was West v. Cold War's 2 factions. now: West v. "the rest".
Criticisms: too broad, labeling is stereotyping/incorrect. |
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| Asian Civilizations have the most wars (Japan, Korea, Vietnam, now China v. US) |
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| invented 'ideology' term- revolutionary French-reformists. |
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| -theory of how the world works, change world based on this theory. -study of assumptions/theories. -study of history: people explaining world around them, use as a guide for future. |
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| Issues with beliefs about globalization |
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| -is the west dominating, or are others rising & west staying the same? -west population down, China/India more influential. -so: west relatively declining? |
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| -unemployment, expensive war on terror, dependence on fossil fuels (need ingenuity- permanent solution), Huntington's claims of exclusivity (keeping non-west out), understanding Muslim potential. |
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| Pre Enlightenment History |
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Definition
| Europe in the 14th century beginning to break up (pope losing power in leading the church b/c of beginning of questioning authority) -Also: Black Plague, Inventions, Protestant Reformation, Weaknesses within church, Other beliefs |
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| 1340's. -75 million died worldwide (all of Europe: 30 million), continued into 15th and 16th centuries. -led to questioning of authority and their ability to deal with problems. -"Black" plague: blood leaking under skin caused black skin. -destroyed families, villages, society. |
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| increased communication of 20th/21st century. printing press increased publication. Internet. |
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| early 1500's. Martin Luther. Due to stresses upon society and questioning of authority- (corruption within church, breakdown of medieval centralization under pope, rise of the nation-state, European decentralization, breakdown b/c of Black Death, Hundred Years' War, the Renaissance interests in humans/culture/art.) |
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| born 1491-1547. Monk, professor in Germany. began to question authority. |
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| Weaknesses in Catholic Church |
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Definition
1. internal admin- questionable money-raising practices (for Sistine Chapel $), abuse of power, sale of indulgences.
2. Martin Luther disagreed with sale of indulgences, wrote thesis & posted on doors of Gutenburg- declared war on Catholic Church. (Also John Calvin & others), while immigrants to USA were here to escape religious war. 3. King Henry VIII inherited throne from father, wife couldn't produce boy, wanted to annul marriage. Pope caught between king of spain & england, King broke away from church, he married another woman who was beheaded. |
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1. accessibility by Laity (priesthood of all believers). no need for professional intermediaries (priests, etc.) 2. translations of bible into vernacular.
3. lay communion- every profession is a religious calling. Authority not only invested in Pope. |
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| justification by grace & faith, not by works- sometimes led to believe in predestination (Calvin). 4. rejected non-biblical traditions- penance, some preferred adult baptism. |
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| The Roman Catholic Reformation |
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| (aka counter reformation). 1. Council of Trent (1545-63). called for moral reform of clergy- no more sumptuous living, strengthen structures. 2. cook wine/bread- symbolism ls Christianity |
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| 1. normal people can read & interpret Bible for themselves. 2. scientific beliefs appear. 3. work becomes ethically/morally important (birth of scientific method, liberty of mind/conscience)3. salvation by faith alone. 4. Bible is source of info & its use spread. 5. invention of printing press. Max Weber: "protestant work ethic"- dominated many N. Euro countries, many inventions appeared. |
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| 1473-1543. polish astronomer, used math to see universe as sun-centered, not earth-centered. Challenged Aristotelian idea of fixed universe & Catholic church's central place of earth. Bible: beginning of Earth- Genesis, 6 days for creation, Adam & Eve, etc. One example- challenging old concepts/knowledge. |
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| 1564-1642. provoked church like copernicus. used telescope to prove sun-centered universe. published criticisms of traditional astronomical theories. |
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| 1561-1626. published "New Method"- freed scientists from old thinking, use new methodology. called for empirical knowledge based on direct observation & experimentation to reach conclusions, keep tabulation of facts. "idols" (old ideas) must be abandoned for empirical method. |
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| 1596-1650. French philosopher & mathematician. used deductive process of reasoning. said senses are deceptive, so gave precedence to rationalization (separate body from mind, "I think, therefore I am". did not use Bacon's method (empirical-observation & experience). Wrote "discourse on method", which calls all knowledge into question. |
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| 1642-1727.initiated physics with "principia mathematica". newtonian physics uses BOTH inductive and deductive thinking/methods. argues taht universe is ordered and intelligible- mathematical equations used to explain the motions of stars, planets, & earthly matter. |
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| 1. reliance on reason = supreme quality. 2. use reason to harness nature, solve problems to be better humans and progress civilizations. 3. human nature can be understood in same way physical world is. 4. human nature can be enhanced by discovering its natural laws (belief in laws of nature proves claims that certain rights are "natural", or indisputable. ) |
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| 1632-1704. English philosopher. key thinker of Enlightenment. 1. humans born w/o any previous knowledge, mind is a "tabula rasa"- blank slate, upon which life experience is written. So: environment influences what he/she will become. 2. humans are good (not born sinful) & equal. 3. gov't must receive concent of the gov't to be just- optimistic, liberal position. 4. views opposed Thomas Hobbes. |
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| 1588-1679. Believed gov'ts are forged to keep people from destrying one another. book- "leviathoan"- 1651- foundation for most of western political philosophy. strong governmental revolution b/c of english authority. all other philosophers much more liberal. |
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| 1689-1755. french aristocrat, liberal like Locke. 1. championed freedom 2. condemns slavery as "unnatural". 3. describes constitutional monarchy w/ 3 branches (legislative, executive, & judicial) that are free & independent from one another. (creates system of checks & balances) |
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| The American Constitution |
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| 1. why to break away from King George III. 2. Thomas Jefferson used Locke's ideas: governed have right to revolt from unjust leader, and life, liberty & the pursuit of happiness are inalienable rights. |
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| 1. middle/upper class thinkers, scientists, artists who gathered in French salons to talk (salons often organized by well-born women interested in advancing gender equality). 3 main ideas: 1. confidence in progress and rational inquity. 2. belief in peist religion (God as an impersonal watchmaker who set the universe in motion), 3. promotion of intellectual & religious tolerance. |
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| woman Philosophe. 1759-1797. wrote "the vindication of the rights of woman". condemns stereotypical view of women as weak, dumb and docile. advocated for a "revolution of female manners", to give women an education and improve them morally. |
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| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibriz |
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| everything has a purpose, so we live in the best of all possible worlds. |
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| man proceeds through ten stages from ignorance to enlightened. inequalities between the sexes should be abolished. |
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| 1724-1804. wrote "critique of practical reason", 1788. 1. ethical behavior should be guided by the "categorical imperative", where an individual must think of what would happen if all people acted as he/she does. 2. individual's experience is expanded to embrace universal conditions of right/wrong (bases morality on rational understanding rather than love. golden rule- do unto others). |
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| 1712-1778. wrote "social contract" and "emile". 1. idea of the "noble savage"- the pre-civilized man who acts in accordance w/ his better nature. 2. those who belong to the state should submit to the common good for which it is created. 3. "emile"- focus on education. young people should be able to learn through direct experience of the world. allow natural inclinations to lead him. |
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| Reasons for the American and French Revolutions |
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| Both ignited by Enlightenment beliefs in Justice & Liberty. Two major issues in France: 1. the gross inequalities between rich/poor. 2. financial crises b/c of extravagant spending by royalty for wars & palaces (like Versailles). like Iraq war. |
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| 1760-1820. performed in courts/theatres, features balance, restraint, symmetry. transitions between loud/soft/fast/slow gradually. Many types of instruments used- concerto (one or more solo instrument or orchestra). string quartet- piece for 4 string instruments. Folk melodies provide the basis for some of these symphonies. |
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| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) |
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| child prodigy, well known composer (best of all time?). wrote over 650 pieces, used popular melodies in many. |
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| 1. looked at issues/avenues that the reformation produced (liberty of conscience). 2. 30 year war- treaty of westphalia-religious wars. 3. showed importance of reason/rationality/progress. 4. ability to discover principles that govern nature/society. 5. tested authority. 5. cosmopolitan explosion of human ideas. 6. disgust in nationalism. 7. anti-ethnic discrimination. 8. unequaled movement (only close to scientific rev. ) |
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| Religion & the Enlightenment |
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| 1. strong aversion to organized religion. 2. french revolution- anti clerical wave- to this day, strong separation of church/state. US separation- still swear on Bible, say "so help me God". 3. basis for many current ideologies (US/French constitutions). lasted from drafting-present, longest written constitution. |
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| 1783- Thomas Jefferson engineered Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon for less than 20 million. Later: Texas/Florida cession/annexation, Oregon country, Mexican cession, Gadsden Purchase. |
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| 1. civilizations (west v. the rest). 2. anarchy (184 states, state is highest level of governance & will remain so, military power, no overarching power. 3. one world (euphoria), 4. US vs. them (the "dual world", West v. East, occidnet vs. orient, capitalism v. communism. |
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| 1. used in model of anarchy (184 states), every nation-state is sovereign, interact peacefully, no supreme world power (departure of the Holy Roman empire/the pope) |
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| Why did pre-Westphalian system fail? |
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| 1. 30 years war- resolution ot painful crisis, right to say "this is my state" missing. 2. this right previously came from power armies, technology, ability to defend the territory. |
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| New concepts from Westphalia |
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| 1. neutrality: self-sufficiency (no need for alliances), more/better technology=wars are more costly. 2. "just war" vs. neutrality. just war avenges wrongdoing, too many justifications (muslim v. Christian, christian v. protestant. now states sovereign. 3. Isolationism = extention of neutrality. US isolated from 1812-1916 (WWII). 1920-1940 (WWI-WWII) when US didn't accept Wilson's League of Nations. Bush unilateralism, 70's post-vietnam war. |
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| 1. blame everything on males. 2. alcohol, coercion. 3. institutions of slavery. 4. "chauvinist pigs". |
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| males dominate the economy. THE NEW LEFT- 1. better pay for women, level economic playing field, occupational equality. 2. idea of classes: capitalism- own means of production. Marxists would maintain that army of labor=women. 3. people are not inherently bad, but something made them behave that way. 4. Marxism. |
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| 1. socialist b/c believed in men sometimes. 2. happy once could break system of hierarchy (system is at fault). 3. men have a sensitive side too- breakdown of gender roles allow expression too. |
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| 1. religion as "opium of the masses". 2. educated in England, influenced by Hegel. 3. developed into liberal views. 4. editor for the newspaper. 5. involved in revolutionary projects against russians. 6. 1843- Paris. study & work, subject of scientific socialism/socialist thinking. not interested in utopia. wanted something real, likely to happen. 7. wrote "the communist manifesto" 1848 with Friedrich Engels. 8. married Jenny von Westphalen. |
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| 1. british political economy & economic system. 2. french socialism & utopian thinking. 3. german philosophy, esp. Hegel. |
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| Karl Marx View on the Stages of History |
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| 1. Primitive (no classes). 2. Communism (no classes). 3. Slavery (slave owners v. slaves) 4. feudalism (landowners v. serfs). 5. capitalism (bougeoisie v. proletariats). 6. socialism (state managers v. workers). 7. Communism (no classes) |
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| -only true autocracy left in Europe, no type of representative political intitutions. Nicholas II became Tsar in 1884, believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by God. Revolution broke out in 1905. |
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| pacifist (non-violent). famous writer, prolific, born 19th century, aristocrat but wanted to free serfs- freed & gave land. had relatives in the palace, served in russian armed forces. Became pacifist after witnessing guillotine in Paris. wrote about conditions in his country. |
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| Causes of the 1905 Russian Revolution |
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| 1. the emergence of a discontented working class. 2. the majority of workers concentrated in St. Petersburg & Moscow. 3. discontent of poor peasants, no individual land ownership. 4. cost of Russia's industrialization at the expense of the peasants. 5. tremendous poverty & hunger among peasants. 6. real winners of the 1905 revolution- the middle class. 7. both the Czar and his wife Alexandria were committed to autocracy. |
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| World War I and the Revolution |
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| 1. war revealed the arrogance and ineptitude of Russian aristocratic elite. 2. corrupt military leadership & contempt for ordinary Russian People. 3. average person=very little invested in the war. 4. Archduke Ferdinant & wife Sophie killed. 5. poorly supplied troops result in chaos and disintegration of the Russian army, widespread discontent. 6. supposed to be a short war, was not- very devastating. 7. war hastened the collapse of the system. -when leaders lose wars, often lose alliance of people. discontent breeds revolutions. |
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| The Collapse of the Imperial gov't |
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Definition
| 1. nicholas leaves for the front (sept. 1915). 2. alexandria & rasputin throw the gov't into chaos. 3. alexandria & other high gov't officials accused of treason. - bad leadership in general. |
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| The Two Revolutions of 1917 |
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| 1. march revolution of March 12. Food riots & strikes. Duma declared itself a provisional gov't on March 12, Tsar abdicated on march 17. composition of provitional gov't not inclusive of all sorts of people. 2. November Revolution of Nov. 6- Vladimir Lenin not in country during this- was a radical & family too (brother executed for it), lived in Syberia (exiled), Switzerland, France. Committed to class struggle, revolution. |
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| Soviet Political Ideology |
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Definition
| 1. Fall 1917- soviets came to power, russia out of war. 2. more radical & revolutionary than provisional gov't. Most influenced by Marxist Socialism. 3. emulated Western Socialism. |
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| 1. committed to socialism. moved to london in 1902, wrote "what is to be done?" 2. key role of the Party in the revolution - "dictatorship of the proletariat". 3. failure of the provisional gov't helped lenin. 4. workers refusing to work, soldiers refusing to fight. 5. very charismatic, understood revolutions, how to lead groups. 6. peasants were expropriating the land outright. 7. Lenin steps in and fills the power vacuum. 8. when armed services no longer support leader, necessary for revolution. |
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| Lenin during the revolution |
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Definition
| 1. grants amnesty to all political prisoners in march 1917. 2. his arrival in petrograd=tremendously charismatic personality. 3. "peace, land, bread". "all power to the soviets". 4. bolshevik party membership exploded. consolidation of bolshevik power. 5. planned a profession revolution- to relieve the oppressed classes. 6. helped by fact that Czar was a weak leader- no freedom of speech, religion, etc. |
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| Czar during the Russian Revolution |
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| 1. Czar didn't lease power to the Duma. 2. war significant in bringing down Czarist gov't- russia unprepared for war, no weapons/supplies/clothing. soldiers didn't know what they were fighting for. Nicholas & ministers' poor leadership & organization. 3. Winter Revolution- spontaneous protest at no bread, industrial strikes, vandalism, waving of the flag, "down with the war". 4. Revolutionary leaders much more organized. knew how to deal w/ public, Czar finally abdicated on his & son's behalves. |
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| Provisional Gov't during Russian Revolution |
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| all russian citizens equal, freedom of religion, speech, assembly. wanted Russia to be like other countries. Agreed unions/strike are illegal. planned on continuing war- ultimately had to give it up (main problem- asked people to wait. opposed WWI. people didn't want to wait, turned to revolutionaries instead). Lenin- believed small group of revolutionaries could overthrow gov't. |
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| Bolsheviks during Russian Revolution |
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Definition
| 1. Bolsheviks grow in numbers. 2. slogans, mantras- "workers of the world unite", "all power to the soviets", "bread, peace, freedom", mass meetings, gained followers. |
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| Why Capitalism Would Fail |
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Definition
| 1. proletariat saw how marxist revolutionaries granted rights to workers. 2. in 19th century (US & Europe), different from 20th century (regulation of the workplace, unionization. ) |
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| "Clash of Civilizations" - Huntington |
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Definition
| Civilizations are shaping the post-Cold War world. balance of power changing (west declining, asian up). Us vs. Them. We need models/maps- shows where we are, and where we're going. War of ideas done, now about econ & technical issues. Post-Cold war harmonious world not true. States largely in control, but borders more permeable- int'l orgs taking control. leading to anarchy. West v.s non-west. Nation states increasingly shaped by civilizations. |
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| "The Clash of Ignorance" - Said |
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| Criticisms of Huntington- vague, personification of huge entities, misleading/confusing labels. Warring civilizations are more closely tied than we believe. Muslims all over Europe and US now. |
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| "The Summoning"- Fouad Ajami |
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Definition
| critique of Samuel Huntington. |
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| "Declaration of Rights of Man" - Nat'l Assembly of France |
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Definition
| maintain happiness, unalienable. Free speech, religion, private property, separation of powers. |
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| "Global Order"- Lynn Miller |
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Definition
| need for social order. First: Westphalia, 1648- good starting point. 30 years' war made it necessary. collapse of medieval structures (spiritual authority), decentralized system. sovereignty- begets equality, power to control/defend territory. |
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| "The Enlightenment"- Paul Brians |
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Definition
| history of the enlightenment. attack on religion & domination of society by aristocracy. 1. started 13th century, doctors of theology, back up faith w/ logic. 2. 14th/15th century- "humanists"- celebration of god and human capacity. Galileo, advance of science. Michel de Montaige- what do i know? cultural relativism- look at other cultures, many ways to be human. knowledge- never absolute. 3. 17th Century- Rene Descartes- "i think, therefore i am", challenge selfhood. logic can lead to truth. religious wars, witch-hunts. slavery, censorship, tyranny. 4. Peasants increase trade, individualism increased, church questioned, bourgeoisie ( middle class) aware, anti-aristrocrat. new thinkers often aristrocrats (voltaire)5. in England- John Locke, Hume. early revolution, lead to democracy. France- violent uprooting. not only one church. |
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| "Dogmas and Dreams"- Betty Friedan/Nancy Love |
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| 1. similarities with black reality. man not terrible. right to become all you can be. 2. abortion rights- pro choice. 3. shouldn't be sex objects, shouldn't be forced to only mothers. 4. intimacy along with sex live w/ husbands. need empathy between men & women. |
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| "The Good Wife's Guide"- Housekeeping Monthly |
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Definition
| cooking, cleaning tips, good wife "always knows her place. 1955. |
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| "Women Across Culture- A Global Perspective" Shawn Burn |
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Definition
| 1. how gender inequalities are enabled. 2. women depend on men, can't earn much money, mostly poor (feminization of poverty). 3. politics- have right to vote, not highly represented (women's suffrage). 4. Kuwait- legally equal, not in real life. 5. women's activities undervalued (Margaret Mead- male activities predominantly important). 6. Children- son preference. discrimination, femicide, sex-selective abortion, affects sex ratio. 7. dowry, wasted investment. females as property."Dowry death", "honor killing" 8. physical violence against women (domestic violence). 9. leaving/divorce very hard. 10. War Rape, Prostitution (economically driven). 11. gender= socially constructed. patriarchy vs. matriarchy? 12. activism/knowledge/understanding=change. |
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| "The Women's Movement" Barbara Sinclair Deckard |
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Definition
| NOW, Betty Friedan, Radical vs. Socialist Feminists. |
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| "revolutions"- Manifesto of the communist party- Marx/Engels |
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Definition
| 1848. revolution not peaceful- must overthrow class. theory of history- capitalism to socialism. |
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| "Imperialism, The Highest State of Capitalism" Lenin |
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Definition
| Imperialism=monopoly capitalism. 4 types: rise out of high stage of development of concentration of production, seize important sources of raw materials, spring from banks, grow out of colonial policy. Defined as Capitalism in Transition. |
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| "Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements" - James DeFronzo |
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