• A series of wars to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rulers.
• Pope called on all christains in Europe to unite and fight
• never achieved more than temporary control of Jerusalem.
• A successful failure
• Effects: New ideas and products, increased trade, growth of a middle class, decline of feudalism.

• Expansion/ growth of desert land.
• Ex. Africa's desert is growing each year.

• Type of economic. social and political system.
• Manor with lord's house and peasants living around it.
• The king relied on service of his nobles, who were given nearly absolute power over their own local areas.
• Ex. Feudal Europe and Middle ages/ Japanese feudalism.

• Built during the Qin dynasty (221-206)
• protected China from nomadic peoples to the northwest.
• Over 1500 miles long, 22 feet high and 15 feet thick.
• Took 1000's of workers many years to complete.

• Empire that emerged in Northeastern India from 320-535 A.D.
• Peace, prosperity and trade.
• Sometimes called the "Golden age of Hindu culture"

• Believing each object had its own spirit

• Collection of Confucius sayings
• His followers published them

• Major belief of Buddhism
• They believe that one should follow this path
• Give up wealth
• act in a worthy manner
• soeak truthfully
• live righteously
• respect all living things
• meditate

• Right the Spanish government granted to its American colonist to demand labor or trubute from Native Americans

• The five basic duties of the Islam faith
• Fasting- Holy month of Ramada
• Faith- one god who they call Allah
• hajj/ pilgrimage - all able Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca
• alms- give to charity
• prayer- pray to Mecca 5 times a day
• Fat (faith) Pigs (prayer) Are (Alms) Fried (Fasting) Pork (Pilgramige)

• Intellectual movemnet at the heart of the italian renaissance that focused on worldy subjects rather than on religious issues
• Ex. Individual Focus

• River in Africa that supports early civilization, because of the fertile soil.
• Ex. Nubia, Kush (Egypt) with yearly floods

• Believeing in many Gods

Ex. Hinduism

• religion started in India
• one God who can take many forms.
• Goal: to achieve moksha
• Reincarnation ; Rebirth of soul in another bodily form
• The Vedas- sacred text (book)

• Early South American Civilization (1400-1535) on the narrow coastal plain
• Center of learning: calendar, medicine, surgery
• polytheistic: worshipped gods linked to forces of nature
• Sapa Inca: absolute power and owned all land

• First Indian Civilization (2500 B.C.E- 1500 B.C.E) on the Indus River Valley
• Capitals: Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro: laid out in grid patterns
• House had plumbing
• mostly farmers
• polytheistic, well organized government, perhaps priest-kings

• Major belief system began in Arabia in 622 A.D.
• monotheistic
• The Quran- Holy Book
• One all-powerful, compassionate God "Allah"
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Muammed was the prophet

• Founded in the fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) and Palestine about 2000 B.C.E.
• Torah- Sacred text
• Monoteistic
• Ten Commandments
• God's "chosen people"
• strong code of ethics

• 800A.D located in broad "V" made by the niger and Senegal rivers
• King was considered a semi-divine (god-like) autority
• Very wealthy, because trade centers met here: gold-salt supplies
• 25 years reign of peace and order
• Musa converted to Islam and made the hijj

• Empire in west Africa (1450-1600)
• The wealthy captal (from trading) was Gao
• On the Nile River bend
• Largest state in West Africa
• Timbuktu: city that was the leading center of learning

• Dynasty in China (1600's)
• Adopted confuscian system of government
• Chinese economy expanded inder bot emperors

• The devine right to rule: the idea that rulers get their right to rule from god, or heaven.
• Rulers have support from heaven when they are good to their people.

• First great Indian empire (321 B.C.E- 185 B.C.)
• Started by Chandragupta Maurya
• Had school, library, palaces, temples and parks.
• Royal officials supervised public works for trade
• Golden Age

• early civilization (300-900 A. D) in central America/ Mexic
• Government was led by cities ruling chiefs
• pyramid temples where priests performed human sacrifices
• developed hieroglyphic writing system, calendar, number system
• reason for decline unknown (natural disaster, too heavy taxes?)

• First known civilizations in the Fertile Crescent (between Tigris and Euphates River)
• Control of these rivers key to development
• Temple priests, or royal officials provided leadership to organize villagers: build dikes and irrigation ditches.

• 500-1300 Early 1050-1450 high
• Constant warfare of this period disrupted trade and made travel unsafe (also called "Dark Ages")
• People gave up an interest in learning.
• Feudalism was the social structure.
• Manorialism was the economic system.
• Roman Catholic Church was very powerful.
• Churches and monasteries were the only places where people could read and write.

• Kingdom of Mali in west Africa's most powerful ruler.
• He turned the capital city of Timbuktu into a center of trade and learning.
• Was Muslim, and because west Africans needed to be able to read the Quran  (Islam Holy Book) more were able to read and write

• In1456, Johann Gutenberg of Germany invented movable type; one of the most important inventions ever
• Effects:
• Books were cheaper and easier to produce
• More people became literate (Able to read)
• Ability to read and interpret Bible (reform)
• Gained access to range of topics

• Trained route or "road" that went through central Asia, connecting China to the Middle East and Rome
• Started during Han Dynasty (206B.C.E.)
• China exported silk, iron and bronze in exchange for gold, ivory and horses.
• Effects:
• Led to introduction of Buddhism to China

• An area of deserts and treeless grassland
• Where do they exist? Central Asia: south of Russia, north of Iran, India and China.
• Effects: people in this area have become herders and traders

• Dynasty that ruled China from 960 A.D-1200 A.D
• Golden Age: Chinese wealth and culture dominated East Asia
• Foreign trade did well
• Improved farming techniques with rice and irrigation

• Ruled from 618-907 A.D
• Golden Age: reunited China and brought prosperity
• Civil service exam: had to have knowledge of confucianism philosophy
• Developed block printing

• Rome's greatest accomplishment that we still use today
• Twelve Tables of Roman Law:
• created to Protect citizens
• Covered civil and criminal law
• Bail, trial by a jury of peers
• all citizens were equal under law, and innocent until proven guilty

• Took place from 1500-1800
• people were captured by warring African tribes and traded to European and American slave traders in exchange for guns and other goods
• Over two million died on the way due to horrible conditions
• Taken over to replace the Native Americans in the workforce

• Ruling family in China
• Rulers used the Mandate of Heaven to justify authority
• in Huang He and Yangtze River Valleys
• Greatest legacy: 2 philosophers
• 1) Confucius
• 2) Lao-zi (Daoism)

• Chinese Dynast (1368-1644)
• Believed in ethnocentrism - or that the chinese way of life is superior
• Traded with Europe
• Literature and art flourished

• Empire of nomadic peoples from the 13th century (1200's)
• Began by Ghengis Khan- who united the tribes and attacked surrounding regions
• Skilled horsemen, soldiers could survive on very ittle in very harsh conditions
• The largest empire ever seen
• Isolated Russia from Western Europe

• Belief in only one God
• Three main religions:
• Judaism
• Christanity
• Islam

• 10,000 years ago when people learned to farm
• Learned how to spread seeds of grains to grow crops
• Also domesticated and herded farm animals
• Effects:
• 1) No longer Nomadic and they built permanent homes
• 2) population Increase
• 3) Grow more food
• 4) Two new social classes: Warriors and priests

• Martin Luther wrote this list of arguments against the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation(1500's)
• Protested the indulgences (Pardon for sins- could be bought)
• Also protested the worldliness of the church, and its love of money.

• Title of the rulers of ancient Egypt
• ex: Ramses II

• 16th century : These Turkish people gained control of the Middle East and parts of Europe
• By 1700's European commerce and military technology led to decline of the Empire

• Islams holy book

• During this time (early 1500's) many people protested against abuses of the Catholic Church
• Ex: Martin Luther 95 theses: called for change against indulgences (buying way into Heaven)
• Effects of reformation:
• 1) End of religious unity in Europe (not everyone was Catholic anymore)
• 2) Growth of royal power

• 1400's- started in Italy
• New interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations period of intellectual and artistis creativity
• Trade began between East and West
• Humanism - greater emphasis on the individual
• Wealthy merchants and nobles were patrons ($$$) supporting artists, writers and scholars

• City- state located in Italy and lasted for 400 years
• Two main social classes: patricians (wealth) and plebians (Farmers/ Merchants)
• Republic- power is with its citizens
• Built roads, arches and aqueducts
• Biggest achievement: Twelve Tables of Roman Law (Innocent until proven guilty): large role in our legal system today
• Language: Latin
• adopted Christianity

• Grassy plain with irregular patterns of rainfall
• Ex: In Africa - stretches north and south

• Began during the Renaissance and went on through 17th and 18th centuries
• Rejected traditional ideas and church teachings in favor of theScientific Method (Observations, Hypotheses, test, experiments)
• Thinkers: Galileo and Newton

• In Japanese Feudal society, supreme military commander who held more power than the emperor

• In Hinduism, belief in the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form

• In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a persons fate in the next life

• In China
• 1) Confucianism- harmony results when people accepted their place in society / people naturally good
• Education is good
• 2) Legalism - nature of man is evil / only way to achieve order is with strict laws and harsh punishments
• Daoism - live in harmony with nature / no govenment

• Worship the forces of nature
• Never evolved into a major international religion
• Mostly in Japan

• In Confucianism, the respect for Parents
• Above all other duties

• Confucius taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society
• 5 key relationships
• 1) Father to son
• 2) Elder brother to younger brother
• 3) Husband to wife
• 4) Ruler to subject
• 5) Friend to friend (Only equal relationships)

• Civilzation in Central Mexico from 1200-1521 A.D
• Farmers who used chinampas, or "Floating islands" to create more farmland
• Had a single ruler chosen by a council of nobles
• Taken over by Spanish

• Religion founded in Northern India in 500 B.C.E by Buddha
• One God, but many names
• Final goal is to reach nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
• Tripitake: Collection of Buddha's teachings
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold Path

• Empire that took over the eastern Roman empire from 476-1500 A.D
• 1054- permanent split and eastern portion became Easter (Gree) Orthodox Church
• Constantinople as capital, and key trade route center

• Greek statesmen
• Called the Age of age of Pericles
• Believed that all male citizens, regardless of weak or social class, should take part in government: allowed poor men to serve in government

• In traditional Indian society, unchangeable social group into which a person is born

1790B.C.E.- Haummurabi, the king of Babylon published these set of laws to unite Mesopotamia

Carved on stone for all to see: First collection of laws

Ex. "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"

• Emperor of Byzantine empire from 527-565
• Organized all the laws of early Rome
• Body of Civil Law
• Also used today in internation law

• Age of exploration caused an increase in trade
• Joint stock companies (sales of shares in stock)
• Modern banking system started
• Mercantilism started

• The Catholic counter attack against the Protestant Reformation
• Purpose of ending abuse in the church
• Not totally successful: church remained split

• Founded in 500B.C.E. by confucius
• Five Relationships: Harmony when you accepted your place in society
• Filial Piety: respect for your parents
• The Analects: students collected his saying

• Renaissance writer that had believed that leaders should do whatever is neccessary to achiece their goals

• The wealthy of the colonial power increased at the expense of the colony
• In Latin America

• During this exchange, new diseases were brought to Europe and resulted in massive deaths caused by the plague