Term
| Ainslee Embree, “Imperialism and Decolonization” |
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Definition
| [1] Imperialism and decolonization aren’t opposites, but their dramatic recent roles have resulted in over 100 new states. [2] Reasons for imperialism often parallel decolonization, such as economy, strategy, ambitions of individuals and groups, and ‘Manifest Destiny’. Western powers differ from their non-Western counterparts, making comparison difficult and relative to historical experience, the nature of nationalist movements like Somalia, and the extent of occupation. [3] These concepts result in the violence outlined in Fanon’s article. |
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Term
| Frantz Fanon, “Concerning Violence” |
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Definition
| [1]Decolonization is a violent occurrence experienced by settlers and natives, who know each other well and oppose each other by nature. [2] It is a historical process that sets out to change the order of the world, never unnoticed, and always successful by definition: “The last shall be first and the first last”. Natives are dehumanized, but begin to plan otherwise as soon as they realize their humanity and similarity to the settlers, and mock westernization. [3] This dehumanization especially occurred during the slave trade, which was retold by Olaudah Equiano. |
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Term
| Albert Memmi, “The Two Answers of the Colonized” |
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Definition
| [1] The colonized live a distraught life characterized by struggle with the colonizers. [2] They first attempt to emulate their colonizers and assimilate, unsuccessfully, before deciding to revolt. They reject any aspect of life that resembles their colonizers, fueling racism and countermythology. |
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Term
| Thiongo’o wa, Ngugi, “Introduction” from Decolonizing the Mind |
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Definition
| [1] Africa’s issues are often attributed to invariable tribes, while imperialism versus resistance is actually the root. [2] Imperialism affects all by utilizing cultural bombs to gain power, especially after Berlin in 1884. Africa was divided into European languages, causing authors to leave their mother tongues behind and adopt a ‘fatalistic logic’ and accept the presence of English in African literature. |
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Term
| Michael Ignatieff, “Human Rights as Idolatry,” from Human Rights vs. Politics and Idolatry |
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Definition
| [1] Human rights norms are questioned through three examples: Islam’s free marriage choice, the West asking if human rights are a western construct, and East Asia’s economic success rejecting western individualism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights doesn’t mention religion, force adopting western ways, or delegitimize traditional culture. [2] It compares moral individualism and communitarian duties, and is always political. Critics say it is too voluntaristic and serves global capital, but these rights come from the bottom and force a common equal dialogue that is not just “West” versus “not West”. |
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Term
| Giles Gunn, “Human Solidarity and the Problem of Otherness,” from Beyond Solidarity |
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Definition
| [1] We have an ethical and moral obligation to identify our “self” with respect to, in understanding of, and in comparison to the “other” in a hostile concern for difference. Human solidarity is questioned as we define ourselves through difference, and as loyalty and nationalism legitimate the need for sacrifice. [2] We must break this cycle by turning the subjects of “self” and “other” into prisms: even in their opposition, neither can understand itself without reference to that which it is not. |
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Term
| David Held et al., “Historical Forms Cultural Globalization,” from Global Transformations |
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Definition
| [1] Four different eras, premodern (pre-1500), early modern (1500-1850), modern (1850-1945) and contemporary (1945 on) are examined according to extensity, density, velocity, impact propensity, infrastructures, institutionalization, and stratification. [2] Basic trends include the movement from mostly regional groupings to mass audiences, consumption, and networks as infrastructure advances. |
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Term
| Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference Global Economy,” from Modernity at Large |
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Definition
| [1] Imagined communities with “no sense of place” are built up of fluid enthnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes. [2] They are characterized by deterritorialization, nation-state relationships, films, globalized primordia, and production fetishism (location) and fetishism of the consumer (advertising). They experience cultural flux and reproduction, which are global cultural processes causing the altering of cultural shape and acceptance of human chaos theory. |
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Term
| Slavoj Zizek, “Passions of Real, Passions of Semblance,” from Welcome to Desert of Real |
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Definition
| [1] Our passion, or need, for the “real” is more often a desire for a spectacular representation of it, leading to the unreal hyperreality of Hollywood. [2] These symbols of reality create imaginary scenarios that tend to shatter our reality, and cause us to mistake hard reality for a fictionalized version. |
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Term
| Thomas Friedman, “It’s a Flat World, After All” |
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Definition
| [1] Globalization has entered its third phase, creating a level playing field for worldwide individual innovation. It results from 10 “flatteners”: three create a platform for collaboration, six are new forms of it, and the last turbocharges the process. [2] This causes more “horizontal” collaboration as they converge. America is not prepared for this new challenge despite its parallels to the height of the cold war, with three major gaps in ambition, numbers, and education. |
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Term
| Krishan Kumar and Ekaterina Makarova, “Interview with Jose Casonova” |
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Definition
| [1] Globalization is the inevitable global-human circumstance. A more global perspective sees individual and group identities, recognizes reversal of trends (deprivatization of religion and roles of church in nationalization), and growth in non-western countries. [2] We must rethink secularist thoughts of modernity and religious fundamentalism. Islam and Catholicism shows fragmentation, transnational religious regimes, and effects of centralized institutions. The Soviet region shows religious restoration and growth of religious pluralism with more religious freedom. [3] Amartya Sen explored human rights in a different context, simplifying the analysis to asian values. |
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Term
| Mark Juergensmeyer, “Terror in the Name of God” |
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Definition
| [1] Religious terrorism aims to gain public recognition, often when authority is in question, and always with political consequences. [2] There are no military goals, just uncompromising cosmic war that is willing to take plenty of divine time, won’t conform to society’s laws in favor of higher authority, and tries to create a “hard” form of religion that defends ancient faiths, especially if religious institutions fail. |
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Term
| Ariel Dorfman, “The Tyranny of Torture: Is Torture Inevitable in Our Century and Beyond?” from Torture, A Collection, ed. Sanford Levinson |
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Definition
| [1] Torture is a crime against the body and imagination. It makes us indifferent until the truth emerges and we are forced to pay attention. [2] Advances include the Declaration of Human Rights and the implication of Chilean Pinochet, but many countries ignore this and continue in the name of salvation. We must abolish torture, and answer the question of what we will allow- not just what we will ignore. |
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Term
| Amrita Basu, “Introduction” from The Challenge of Local Feminisms |
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Definition
| [1] The women’s movement is worldwide and multidimensional. It is relevant due to its universal objectives and ventures into new arenas, despite its powerful opposition. [2] Women have remained the topic of a broad spectrum of literature, political nationalist movements, the rejection of feminism, social change, and sexuality. |
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Term
| “The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action” |
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Definition
| [1] The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women outlines their meeting in two parts. The first restates their commitments, beliefs, and points of determination, while the second is a platform for action with a mission statement, framework, and list of areas of concern. [2] Topics addressed include violence, poverty, stereotyping, and equal distribution of resources, human rights, education, and health care. |
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Term
| Mahasweti Devi, “Draupadi” |
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Definition
| [1] A notorious woman soldier named Dopdi escaped death and capture, schooled in guerrilla warfare stronger than men’s. Senanayak is a Bengali combat specialist searching for her, who believes that in order to destroy the enemy, you must become one. [2] He finally apprehends Draupadi after following and calling her name, allowing his men to rape her until she confronts him and causes him to fear her naked, unarmed body as she asks, “You can strip me, but how can you clothe me again?” |
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Term
| Samuel P. Huntington, “The New Era in World Politics,” from The Clash of Civilizations |
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Definition
| [1] Global politics began reconfiguring along cultural lines after the Cold War, when cultural and civilization identities began to shape the patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict. Symbols of this could be seen in flags, both respectfully and otherwise. [2] There are five parts to this trend: global politics became multicivilizational, the balance of power among civilizations shifted, civilization-based world order emerged, the West’s pretensions caused conflict with others, “Westerners” had to accept themselves as unique, not universal, and must unite against challenges from non-westerners. |
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Term
| Amartya Sen, “Civilizational Imprisonments: How to Misunderstand Everybody in World” |
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Definition
| [1] Sen critiques Huntington’s “clash of civilizations”, mostly because a person cannot be defined by one classification. This over-arching, dominant power does not show the true multifaceted diversity of a person, and divides groups. [2] The “civilizational” approach makes mundane events dramatic and allows for unintelligible beliefs to flourish, which is an ethical and political hazard. Nonetheless, tolerance and liberty are notable achievements. We alone chose and prioritize the aspects of our identity. |
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Term
| David Held, “Culture and Political Community,” from Conceiving Cosmopolitanism, ed. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen |
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Definition
| [1] The globalization of communication and cultural life has impacted national culture in four dimensions. [2] These include the historical background of national culture, increased traditionalist transborder cultural interchange, the cultural globalist position of the second form, and a different, better fitting formation of cultural and political life in the current era. |
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Term
| Karl Marx, from The Communist Manifesto |
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Definition
| [1]Communism is very present and secure in the world, securing class orders such as bourgeoisie and proletariat and seeing change as the feudal and industrial systems die out. [2]The bourgeoisie have many impacts on the system, but are essentially moving towards failure, as the proletariat will inevitably be victorious. |
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Term
| V.I. Lenin, “Can the Bolsheviks Retain State Power?” |
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Definition
| [1] The Bolsheviks must take a few specific steps in order to regain power and get rid of opposition. [2] This includes embracing the whole people, especially workers and the poor, and breaking the resistance of capitalism, big banks, and bureaucracy. |
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Term
| Sheila Fitzpatrick, “Socialism and Communism” |
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Definition
| [1] The author examines the role of socialism in the world today, its background, and relationship with things like Communism. [2] In the early 20th century, it was prevalent and related to Marx’s views of capitalism and interrelated with Russia. World War I spurred nationalism that greatly reduced the effectiveness of socialism, while it was also utilized as a developmental tool for the “Third World”, especially China after the second World War. |
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Term
| Mao Zedong, “Characteristics of China’s Revolutionary War” |
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Definition
| [1] China’s revolutionary war had four defining characteristics that played into the chances of the Red Army being successful. [2] These included its status as a semi-colonial country with uneven development, having a significant enemy, a “small and weak” Red Army, and the leadership of the Communist Party and support of the agrarian revolution. |
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Term
| Mao Zedong, “1949 Speech” |
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Definition
| [1] The People’s Democratic Dictatorship, run by China’s Communist Party, seeks to overthrow imperialism by uniting all classes and an allied international front. [2] The argue for choosing between imperialism and socialism, utilizing international force, accomplishing business, and the people will have democracy along with dictatorship over the reactionaries. |
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Term
| Thomas C. Patterson, “Inventing Barbarians” from Inventing Western Civilization |
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Definition
| [1] Many different types of uncivilized people have been used or created altogether to support the concept of civilization and social hierarchies, distinguishing the ruling classes and gaining legitimacy through their use by authorities. [2] They also claim that many of their inequalities are based in human nature, and use this to back up policies that usually increase these differences. |
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Term
| Tsvetan Todorov, “Understanding, Taking Possession, Destroying” The Conquest of America |
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Definition
| [1] The Spaniards saw the Aztecs in a positive light, yet murdered entire populations of them in the name of gaining riches. [2] The Spaniards admired the Aztecs’ objects more than human beings, and dehumanized them. The question of genocide can be answered by three main points that show responsibility and victims inversely: direct killing, bad treatment, and disease. |
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Term
| Edward Said, “Introduction” from Orientalism |
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Definition
| [1] The Orient is undoubtably an essential part of world culture and ideology, but where did the idea come from, and what does it mean today? [2] It is not just an idea, but also has academic and personal contexts that have rooted it in its hegemony. Many people succumb to being made Oriental, and the distinction is skewed between types of knowledge. |
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Term
| Paul Fussell, “Irony and Memory from The Great War and Modern Memory” |
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Definition
| [1] The presence and recognition of irony cements an event in one’s memory more clearly than the mere horrors of slaughter and battle themselves. [2] Thousands of soldiers and civilians may die in a single battle, making it impossible to dignify each of their deaths. For example, one medic quickly bandaged a soldier’s leg wound, satisfied by the fact that he would live, until the soldier whimpers that he is cold and unveils a significant wound in his side where his insides are slivering out. There is no longer any hope for the soldier, and he dies minutes after the medic had been sure of his livelihood. |
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Term
| Eric Hobsbaum, “Age of Extremes: The Short 20th Century, 1914-1991” |
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Definition
| [1] The 20th century after 1914 was characterized by mass wars and massacres on a scale that had never been seen before, with all of the major world powers involved. World War I was soon followed by a second war because of the lack of a peace settlement and dignifying of the losers of the first world war, and also by the presence of Hitler. [2] These wars were also characterized by the use of technology to wreak havoc in the form of mustard gas and machine guns. We now take for granted the large numbers of people and resources that have been involved in every war since 1914, forcing us to ask if the human and fiscal cost is worth it in any way, especially in an economic or industrial sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1914-1918. war no longer confined to battlefield. causes: nationalism- production of steel shifted alliances (alliance between germany, austria-Hungary, italy, and britain, france, russia). all nations involved, and citizens at home. fought to the death: 60 million eurasians, 20 million of those were civilians. |
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Term
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Definition
| unbelievable destruction of empires (Russia, Ottoman, Austria-Hungary, German all brought down). stagnation of eurasian development. changed dimensions of war/how it would be fought (land, air, and water). poor peace effforts led to WWII- losers were not dignified. |
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Term
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Definition
| (slowly grinding/worn down). global in colonial scope- eurasians fighting each other for global recognition, not just for mother country. trench warfare from alps to atlantic. weapons of defense- barbed wire, machine gun- no need to aim. death became mass-manufactured. (battle of the somme- 7:30 am start to end- 60,000 casualties, 20,000 deaths. ) vanity and tragedy of death. |
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Term
| World War I's trope: Irony |
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Definition
| Paul Fussell: the only way to recall, locate, explain, express any event from past was by seeing it ironically- a ghastly disproportion between ends and means. distinguish it from thousands of others just like it. 40 million dead between france and germany. |
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Term
| movie clip: A Very Long Engagement |
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Definition
| grim landscape, machine guns taking out tons of people |
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Term
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Definition
| resentment of versailles Treaty. World depression- poverty of 1930. Hitler- sometimes even praised for turning economy around, prosperous- value placed on how you recall/construct history. treating losers poorly- rise of japanese militarism to keep own development/economy moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| global intent different than WWI- (WWI= concerned nationalism and colonialism. WWII= reordering of the globe). reordering would require extermination of whole peoples and enslavement of tens of millions of others. not just land and people, but also who would control this land and people. (Saving Private Ryan clip- WWII Normandy) |
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Term
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Definition
| WWII: two times the deaths, 62 million total and more civilian deaths, ranged over all oceans and continents, at least 6 million dead bc of jewish religion, another 6 million bc were gypsies, gay, etc. 22 million of dead were military. great financial cost- england became indebted to its colony, india. US was only one that made it out okay, and with large woman workforce. Truly global reordering/restructuring (almost 2/3 of US population was wounded or dead). |
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Term
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Definition
| japanese objectives: creation of empire in east, southeast, & south eurasia reaching to american hemisphere. newly created. nation states depleted (except for US). TNC's (transnational corporations) benefitted. nazi german objectives: demographic reordering Eurasian landmass with tens of millions slaughtered, sterilized, starved to death. working camps. killed just for being born. New empire extended to Africa, Middle East, West. Hitler: cults of violence, militarization of state, racism, anti-judaism, charismatic leader w/ dictatorial power. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1933: Hitler, emergency powers. 1935 Nuremburg Laws. 1938: Kristallnacht, 7500 Jewish businesses destroyed (night of broken glass). Nov, 1940: Warsaw ghetto enclosed as health measure. jan, 1942: wannsee conference works out details of "final solution". dehumanize enemies, liquidation, extermination of Jews & unwanted. Aushwicz: 12,000 killed each day. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1933: Hitler, emergency powers. 1935 Nuremburg Laws. 1938: Kristallnacht, 7500 Jewish businesses destroyed (night of broken glass). Nov, 1940: Warsaw ghetto enclosed as health measure. jan, 1942: wannsee conference works out details of "final solution". dehumanize enemies, liquidation, extermination of Jews & unwanted. Aushwicz: 12,000 killed each day. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1942- Germans settled on "final solution" to annihilate all the Jews, justifying spreading into more lands to get them- "to rid lands of unwantables", really to spread empire. perfection of the industrial revolution to mechanize death. 1947: crime named genocide, really with Armenian genocide in mind- 1 million killed. UN formed out of reaction to this 1948, and created Convention on Genocide.crime against humanity, everyone who joined said they would not allow this. took the US 40 years to sign this particular convention. |
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Term
| The Holocaust as Ideology continued |
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Definition
| crime against humanity= not just a crime to nations or within a nation. crime to all human beings, humanity itself. when US finally signed onto convention of genocide, same time we signed on against torture and stopped supporting aparteid in africa. US company IBM supplied concentration camps, children submitted to experiments. need international push for human rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1947-1991. Atomic Power: Japan started & ended. Hiroshima (90,000 deaths instantly, 240,000 eventually. incinerated everything in 1.6 mi radius.) Nagasaki- killed 40,000 instantly. why remember? we sanitize death/war. Hydrogen bomb is 770x as destructive as Atom bomb. arms race develops- shot by land, air, sea? Age of Terror- we still have 4,000 triggered, russia has 2000. Definition of State: monopoly on all legitimate forms of violence- legal, okay. war is legal bc it is done by the state. if not, it is terrorism but both have same effects. nuclear proliferation is the single most terrifying thing in the world today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Russian Paranoia: Berlin Blockade, Iron Curtain, socialism vs. capitalism. Containment: US Marshall Plan, US & Cuba, missiles, both had nuclear arsenal. Proxy Wars: vietnam, afghanistan. Soviet Union crumbles. Bomb @ World Trade center not placed correctly. Transfer of Combatants in War on Terror. |
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Term
| Marxism as Ideological basis of Socialism |
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Definition
| marxism is theory of revolutionary power- overthrow/change present circumstances to replace with something new. derived from german philosophy, french socialist ideas, and economic theory. History is a natural process rooted in the material needs of human beings. shows how an ideology was galvanized, globalized. Carl marx: wealthy- did NOT invent socialism. theory from many different influences. based on a reaction to something going on around you. avenue for ideas to gain recognition. 1st organized, working-class movement. socialism: in wake of capitalism & social revolution. materialism. |
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Term
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Definition
| regularities of history result from modes and relations of production. all history is grounded in class struggle. class antagonism leads to social revolution that will affect three things: changes in production, property relations and distribution of goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. capitalism stimulates development but also produces conditions of its collapse (seeds of own demise) .2. Capitalism's chief aim is to accumulate wealth through the systematic impoverishment of the masses (its aim is to accumulate wealth). 3. denying masses access to means of production and forcing them to sell labor as commodity, capitalism creates its own grave-diggers. workers bonded together through work- 60,000 workers vs. few social organizations- restrict access to means, force to sell labor. impoverishing workers provides incentive to turn against. (variables to understand a mode of production: labor, resources, social organization). 4. overthrow of capitalism by working class will end historical cycle of oppressions & class distinctions. |
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Term
| Marxism as Utopian Ideology |
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Definition
| marxism as a religion- comes from Jewish/christian values, reward need, not ability. reshapes disciplines bc of "outside the box" approach. powerful hope of realizing worldview. marx said he wasn't a Marxist. Variations promoted contrary interpretations. societal positionality- where do we fit in society? all marginal identities- marx, freud, etc. all from jewish households. (allowed them to see more deeply?) see different perspectives? ethos- how you see world & act in it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Russian revolutionary trained as lawyer. Founder of Bolshevism. "Leninism"- Rejected only parts of capitalism. new econ policy: government plans economy- led to great famines, killed 30 million, fiscal disaster. died in 1924 after launching New Economic Policy. "What is to be done?" Book 1902: marxist ideas aren't practical, need to create a party that will DO what marx is saying. soviets- only a professional party can bring socialism to russia. marx- laborers will revolt, bring change. lenin- not possible. need leaders. differed from Marx. Late 1800s: prolific- during first WWI fighting, thought workers would start revolution, but instead nationalism broke out. Leninism: variation of Marxism. |
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Term
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Definition
| variation of Marxism. working class incapable of leading or organizing revolution. the party (soviet) is the most progressive element of the proletariat from own party (bolsheviks). created a new third social class, retained capitalist institutions. must take and utilize banks to channel into state bank. |
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Term
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Definition
| founder of chinese communist party (1921). organized the long march 1934-35 and the war of liberation 1937-49. established people's republic in 1949. authority diminished by failed Great Leap Forward (1958-60) but restored during the Cultural Revolution (1966-69). like current singapore retired dictator. to fight nationals, must get people from countryside. fled to taiwan. cleanse party of 'revolutionism' for people who would not accept his red book. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese Revolution led by Communist Party (an alliance of workers and peasants). party's goal: people's democratic dictatorship. only leadership of the party is qualified- peasants would not just revolt. need leader- cues from Lenin, who took from Marx. |
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Term
| World Socialism? (Fitzpatrick) |
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Definition
| cold war: effects of conflicting ideologies. modern soialisms describe form of social organization. advocates communal ownership and control of means of production, capital, land. promotes their administration & distribution in the interests of ALL. believes political regimes represent rule of dominant class exploiting of oppressed classes. global phenomenon of industrialism-Industrial Proletariat= class whose natural interest is assumed to be socialist, but socialists are mostly academics, students, intellectuals. not really understood by working class even though workers are assumed to be driving force, heart & soul. LATER became force. working class felt brunt of capitalism. marked people based upon class. questions raised by subject: who determines interests of all? how are common assets administered/distributed? |
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Term
| Two Waves of socialist Revolution |
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Definition
| 1. eurasian: centered on russian revolution. result of close relations between socialist political movements and labor movements. from german social democracy to soviet communism. nomadic models 1924 embraced socialism. 2. Trans-Eurasian: centered on Chinese & Cuban. result of postwar decolonization and cold war division of the world into socialist and imperialist camps. chinese had legacy of colonial rule. From British and Scandanavian "welfare states" to Maoist-inspired "national liberation movements". |
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Term
| Historical Logic of the Two Waves of socialist revolution |
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Definition
| 1. in first wave, russia presents itself as a developing nation ripe for proletarian revolution. Premier catalyst. we did it, good model to follow- did not work. problems with underdevelopment. could not be model. 2. in second, russia's revolutionary experience proves irrelevant. 3. exemplary role passes to China & Cuba- successful despite embargo w/ US. |
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Term
| The First Wave of Socialist Revolution |
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Definition
| Precursors in Eurasia- already industrialized countries, Second international- NGO-like. World War I: nationalism trumps class. like global religion- trans-local identity (American Muslim). socialism- trans-local. WWI: nationalism>class. Lenin's theory on Imperialism- Russia goes global to combat colonialism. The Intellectual. |
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Term
| The Second Wave of Socialist Revolution |
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Definition
| national liberation movements. Trans-Eurasia Socialisms- through resistance. Small class of intellectuals provide ideology for new postcolonial state that combines nationalism, anti-imperialism, & socialism. China now developmental model for third world. small native elite controls the nation-state. two kinds of Trans-Eurasia Socialisms: Independence Movements, national Liberation Movements. |
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Term
| Human Cost of Socialist Revolutions |
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Definition
| starving, famine. still going on right now. total deaths: over 100 million people. ideas DO kill. simple economic ideologies. |
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Term
| Utopian Ideologies: Remaining Questions |
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Definition
1. Is democracy an Utopian Ideology or a Political Practice? 2. Is it something we can actualize? or American Dream- something always to shoot for?
3. who speaks for the oppressed? are their voices heard? - so far from society/state. we don't have context to understand anymore. 4. is there need for revolutionary social change? 5. is violence the key to order or change? violence vs. resistance. 6. where does one find the soures for revolutionary change outside of ideology? |
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Term
| Construction of the Other (Othering) |
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Definition
| differentiation- part of culturing, "western", "eastern". departamentalizing info. what/why we put in these categories. subordination, privileges, race: socially constructed. |
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Term
| Colonialism and Civilization (Patterson) |
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Definition
| Colonialism- ancient practice of exploitation used by Eurasia from 16th century especially when allied with idea of 'civilization'. 16th century: birth of world trade & silver trade. transfer of commerce power to Asia - Eurasia in the name of civilization. brought theory of a cosmopolitan center that would control distant lands. Practice normalized through a discourse of civilized vs. barbaric, savage, mostly by racial distinction. One race (we) need to bring civilization to other race (them). spread/intensification of communication. |
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Term
| Civilization vs. Savagery |
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Definition
| 1. historical antecedents. started in Persia or Greece denote "outsiders". tends to legitimate other inequalities of race, class, gender, and religion. dehumanizing, scapegoating, stratification. in order to have civilized, must also have opposite. 2. modern idea of civilization (post 18th century). ideas of 'refinement', superiority, and entitlement (we deserve this). 3. mirror opposites of civilization. 4. civilization presupposed a system of social stratification. |
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Term
| Edward Said's critique: orientalism |
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Definition
| prejorted: having a negative connotation. oxident vs. orient. europe became itself by distinguishing what it's NOT: the orient. 3 interrelated modes: academic, literary, institutional (see other slide). at heart, orientalism is about power, domination, and hegemony (having power over a group not by force, by ideas. is invisible. power is everywhere, don't see/acknowledge it, like sexism. is made normalized. ) |
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Term
| three interrelated modes of orientalism |
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Definition
| academic: whoever reads/writes about orient- what they product. orientalists produce orientalism. literary: novelists, poets, etc. write about this. fables & myths about culture, place, what they do there. institutional: historical. west dominates, restrutures, & has priority over orient. |
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Term
| Orientalism Envisioned: Art |
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Definition
| "Salome" 1870, "Lament of the Faithful at the Wailing Wall, jerusalem" 1890. "An Almeh" 1882. "the Pelt Merchant" 1869. orientalism art is a mosaic- part reality, part imagination. combining of many ideas, not true depiction of culture. ex: "Sinbad" ideas- turban, pointed shoes are actually from N. india, not persia. look/dress is decided by painter, not reality. |
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Term
| More Orientalism Art eroticized. |
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Definition
| "The Baths" 1884, "the Moorish baths" 1880s, "Little Bedouin Girls" 1899- postcard of Algerian girl, eroticized. |
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Term
| "the whirling dervishes" 1899 |
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Definition
| supposedly a true painting. can be beautiful, but fundamentally flawed. supposed to be in a mosque, but can't have weapons on display. rituals never take place inside- sacred place for worship. people look like turks, musicians Arab. whirling occurs in places like syria, with no turks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Book cover from Edward Said's Orientalism. scene untrue- jibberish on wall, naked boy. |
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Term
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Definition
| less derogatory terms for those perceived as powerful. Asian: martial arts (jackie chan), green hornet, bruce lee (physical means). breakfast at tiffany's- charicature constructed. nationalities lost on titanic- hear mostly of US, british, but irish, syrians, lebanese also. cartoons: others are bad/evil. good example of non-stereotypical: lucy liu in Aly McBeal. |
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Term
| Narratives of "Europe"- conceptions, construction. |
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Definition
| The Effect of Shock: history of europe really a story of conflict with muslims, form of narrative branches off to the US, intercultural borrowing. continues today- EU & Turkey. Causes Of Shock: muslim conquests of Eurasian land, expansion of the ottoman empire, technological advances. crusades- constructive narrative, coffee to europe. europe behind in industrial revolution. |
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Term
| Video clip: Reel Bad Arabs |
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Definition
| given: projected as villian, structured images projected over and over. we inherit Arab image from Eurasians. Aladdin! |
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Term
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Definition
| Textualism: how it is lived vs how it is idealized in texts (xerxes in 300). Stereotyping. Dichotomies: artificial, east vs. west. one vs. the other, always 2. binary. superiority: orient is degraded version of the oxident. islam- often degraded form of christianity. hollywood has a function- numb peoples' minds to truth. ex: bush & iran- axis of evil. |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient practice of imperialism |
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Term
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Definition
| resistance to colonialism- efforts to fight againt colonizing power by the colonized |
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Term
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Definition
| relinquishment of colonies, process by which mother country pulls back resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| colonialism by "other means". don't have to occupy space. economic only. |
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Term
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Definition
| effects that colonialism had on peoples' states, psyches, discourses. |
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Term
| Colonialism's Hierarchy of Difference |
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Definition
| colonialism ruled via hierarchies of distance. new subordinate class: laboreres, natives now lower than workers. colonial hierarchy of difference reinforced by idea of 'civilization'. political, cultural, economic exchanges between mother country & colonies. |
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Term
| Colonialism: Race and Gender |
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Definition
| colonial rhetoric naturalizes racial inequalities. sexist exclusivity of colonial discourses linked with patriarchal practices. task associated w/ 'white man's burden'. gendering colonialism- white men born to rule- supports ideology of "whiteness". subjected people usually have different race. eurasians construct history, leave out indigenous. genetically & intrinsically subordinate. not just done for power, etc, seen as natural state of indigenous- NEED mother countries' help (untrue). |
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Term
| colonialism as Discursive Deception |
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Definition
| colonial ideology rooted in subterfuge. violent/unjust processes hidden behind smokescreen. defining colonies as "protectorates," "trust territories". masking form of language, fail to see true meaning of terms- civilizing vs. pillaging, etc. ex: myanmar resistant to receiving aid bc of how it is seen politically. who is being protected, and from whom?? |
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Term
| Colonialism as Domestic Safety Valve (for colonial powers) |
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Definition
| colonial possessions diverts attention of class. prevents lower class from recognizing their solidarity- one of reasons why lower classes didn't unite during WWII. |
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Term
| Fanon's Negative Racial Construction of Colonized Self |
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Definition
| attempts to understand how colonial oppression leads to violence. always define selves by what we're not- colonized becomes inverted image of colonized. no choice- whiteness is unattainable. colonized constructed to validate colonizer's "whiteness". forced and tragic mimicry- colonized fored to mimic white way- degraded, subjugated, but are never treated as white. paradox. must see through eyes of oppressor, but inability to reach status of oppressor. not treated as "white", "blacks" caught in paradoxical conflict of contradictions. only way to resolve crisis is via violence. colonized owe their originality to this identity. cause of massive decolonization. money: couldn't afford to keep colonies (except for england keeping india). |
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Term
| Homi Bhabha and the Production of Mimicry |
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Definition
| mimicry carries within it a sense of menace. mockery gives the colonized people agency. this doubleness reflects ambivalence of the postcolonial condition. blacks mimicing whites. Fenon rejects mimicry, Bhabha embraces it. opens up possibility of colonized. |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely valuable colony. 1850-1946. colonization of India was the first time the subcontinent was united. had raw materials, consumer base for British goods. |
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Term
| Impact of England's Colonization of India |
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Definition
| Linguistics: phrases, terms, name 'india' itself from indus river. religion: world "hinduism"- grouped tons of religions together under umbrella term by british census. Gender: subcontinent- 3-4 genders accepted. we only have M and F. shows how language can be controlling. |
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Term
| Mohandas Gandhi (mahatma Gandhi) |
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Definition
| 1869-1948. age of 13 married Kasturbai. schooled in England as a barrister. 1893 took job in south africa. influences: leo tolstoy, gokhale, jainism. |
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Term
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Definition
| truth, strength, force, non-violence is NOT passive resistance. fight with truth. very active. confronts british empire. |
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Term
| moral ascendancy through satyagraha and gandi's success |
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Definition
| inversion of european manichaeism. over forty years, india's moral superiority over british is revealed. in the wake of india's decolonization- india never united as such before and had many different religious groups at this time (hindu, muslim, sikh, zoroastrian, jain, christian, etc. at the end of WWII, ethno-religious tensions rise. |
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Term
| A Polity Divided: Gandi's Friends |
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Definition
| Jawaharlal Nehru- political rep for hindus, wanted civic nationalism. Muhammad Ali Jinnah- represented muslim league, wanted ethnic nationalism, argued for a partition. |
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Term
| The Partition of India 1946-47 |
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Definition
| Kashmir decides to stay with India. 12-14 million indians migrate into the newly formed Pakistan and India. long process transformed villages and towns and incited religious violence between the Muslims and Hindus to a level that is still acutely witnessed today with the conflict over Kashmir. |
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Term
| Gandhian Ideology: Civil Rights Globalized- influenced many great leaders. |
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Definition
| Martin Luther King Jr- 1955 formed montgomery improvement association, nobel peace prize, assassinated. Nelson mandela- part of african national congress youth league, nobel peace prize in 1993. Cesar Chavez- formed national farm workers association, implemented gandhi's methods, won presidential medal of freedom posthumously. Mel White- ghost-wrote Jerry Falwell's biography while in the closet, ex-writer for Pat Robertson, gay activist. |
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Term
| STILL NEED GILES GUNN LECTURE. |
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Definition
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Term
| Friedman's Flatness in General View |
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Definition
| globalization's three phases: 1492-1800 countries globalizing. 1800-2000 companies globalizing. 2001- present individuals and small companies globalizing. world is flattening due to technological innovations. connecting all knowledge pools together. sped up globalization: destruction of Berlin wall. Netscape went public- one world, connecting people. streamlined connection of dot-com revolution. Y2K: workflow revolution. seven flatteners: 1. outsourcing: transferring of labor. 2. offshoring: transferring of production facility. 3. opensourcing: wikipedia. 4. insourcing: UPS takes over logistics. 5. supply chain. 6. informing: google, yahoo. 7. steroids: turbo-charged system, powers individual. critiques: which of 3 camps is this? who gets to play/power in flattened world? presence of information AND disinformation. is this inevitable? Jerryson- believes world is still round, many do not use much energy consumption/internet. compressed time/space changed culture on a mass scale: how we imagine selves & rest of world. |
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Term
| Salman Rushdie and the Fatwa |
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Definition
| rushdie: born muslim in bombai, moved to pakistan, now in england. wrote about independence of india. "the satanic verses" 1988 describes birth of a religion resembling Islam, led to FATWA. 1988: rushdie enters permanent hiding. 1990: decision "to enter into the body of Islam". didn't apologize bc of fatwa. govt lifted fatwa. offered eward for rushdie assasination 10 years ago. |
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Term
| New Roles/Work of the Imagination |
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Definition
| imagination breaking out of special expressive spaces of art, myth, ritual. no longer restricted/held back bc of technology, religion, art. broken out of space constrictions. democratized- high/low class barriers crumble. |
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Term
| What is the "Rushdie Affair" about? |
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Definition
| provokes global debate/politics: what can/can't you read? one of books publishers killed. globalization of production of books. "text-in-motion"- published all over world. trajectory brought it outside the safe haven of Western notions about artistic freedom and aesthetic rights. Eurasian- freedom of reading/writing but in other places- threatened with death. cultures merging together: such leaders can and do operate with a free hand in their own transnational sphere. |
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Term
| The Princess Diana Affair |
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Definition
| in life as in death, an icon of the media. image filled void in many lives. 2 billion watched funeral, 2 million watched marriage. what makes a celebrity? known for being known? Claim her in 3 ways: cinderella, wronged woman, global citizen. |
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Term
| Theory of Scapes (Imagined worlds) |
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Definition
| ethnoscapes: migration (ethnic, with people) how they move changes world. Technoscapes: technologies in motion (estonia- completely wireless). Financescapes: flow of money. Mediascapes: Pope's facebook, information technology. Ideoscapes: ideas that map socio-political world & moving around within them. Scapes acting as Disjunctures: not always working together. |
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Term
| The Application of Appadurai |
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Definition
| 1. Deterritorialization: populations living at distance from home country/culture. creates new markets for invented, accessible "homelands" abroad (chinatown, little saigon). pockets of wealthy living right next to poor. 2. Global System: nation-states and deterritorialized globalist-localisms, local place no longer tied to local context (travel- marriott hotel looks same no matter actual location, mcdonald's). operates beyond and above nation-state. world system no longer unitary by heterogenous. related but not same world systems. |
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Term
| Toward a General Theory of Global Cultural Processes: Characteristics of Appadurai's Globalization |
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Definition
| fractal= nonlinear, irregular. polythetic= overlapping. chaotic= uncertain, random, effected by butterfly effect. systemic processes, characteristics. |
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Term
| Digitalizing Culture and the Information Age |
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Definition
| brought us closer together- educates people about each other. "global village"- treat the world as a town hall. hard to keep secrets- get info out instantaneously- Obstacle to Authoritarian governments (Chernobyl meltdown in russia, tiananmen square and china, abu ghrab & guantanamo, civil war in iraq/collapse in afghanistan). Liabilities: more awareness may lead to more resentment between haves and have nots, can desensitize/deaded to suffering, media can give bad name to world, constantly bombarded by images, "infotainment". |
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Term
| Information as Infotainment |
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Definition
| information deals with business & entertainment. feeling at 40 like lucky 4th grader (youth no longer wasted on the young- satisfying the child within). The spielberg phenomenon. appeal of web |
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Term
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Definition
| info-age coming to end: audience to one- the consumer. individuals instead of groups. place without space- geography not applicable. communicating in unreal time- delete/ignore messages. being assynchronous. |
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Term
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Definition
| which global camp does this documentary approach globalization from? which of appadurai's scapes do you detect in this clip? does this information support or refute friedman's "the world is flat"? |
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Term
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Definition
| secular state makes religion public and politicizes it (repoliticization). opposite of making religion private where govt, education, religion are separate. helps to understand bouts/outbreaks of religious violence throughout world. |
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Term
| Juergensmeyer's article on religious terror in the eyes of god |
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Definition
| speaking to bomber. "either on side of good or evil". there is a war going on, you just can't see it. each religion has a "cosmic mentality". wars going on in an erethral context- god vs devil, etc. justification of social violence on a spiritual level. many religions we see as peaceful can be very violent. |
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Term
| A Buddhist Cosmic war- Terror in the Mind of Buddha |
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Definition
| Buddha goes through many different reincarnations with special powers in each lifetime. physical violence can be accepted (story- buddha kills murderer before he can commit murders like minority report). extensive history of Buddhist violence (4 countries undergoing violence partly fueled by buddhism- sri lanka, thailand, tibet/china, buurma/myanmar). each time period has buddhist justifications for violence based on sutras, principles, or beliefs. for Thai police, nationalism also means protecting Buddhism as well as religion. |
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Term
| Case Studies of Buddhist violence |
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Definition
| Thailand: 92% theravada buddhist, three border provinces are 80% muslim. nationalism: ethnicity, religion, language. very different identity & beliefs. civil war occuring. Southern Buddhist Monks: violence increased dramatically, monks targeted & killed almost from start. monks stay officially apolitical. |
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Term
| Context: Religions Dimensions to violence |
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Definition
| organized huge attacks and hid in crusade mosques. made Islam an important subject. huge protests in Thailand- 2 stories: from officials & from locals, all muslim. Khru Se mosque affair- April 28, 2004 (Malay Muslim Actions). Tak Bai Affair October 25, 2004 (Thai State Action- national police used, out of environment). must first dehumanize victim (in both cases). all Buddhist national police. no context, sent to s. Thai with little training. |
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Term
| Buddhist Monks: Impact on religious violence |
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Definition
| passive symbols of the impact of violence. have become walking symbols of Thai nationalism- to attack a monk is to attack the state. 1. militarizing buddhist spaces: boy with fake gun parallels soldier in front of him. 2. militarizing the role of monks: fitted with bulletproof vests & bodyguards. must go out to show that Thai nationalism is still active & present. having soldiers there often blends line between state & religion. |
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Term
| stationing soldiers in monasteries |
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Definition
| militarizing monasteries. like Gunn: trying to see as the "other". no longer inviting, including space after introdution of religion. rituals take place despite military presence, behind sandbags. |
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Term
| Cost of a State Religion: Military MOnks |
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Definition
| steps to create new class of Buddhist Monks- "military monks" serve state & religion simultaneously. there to protect buddhism & nation, but break buddhist beliefs- cannot be soldiers. friends/ companions of military monks do not know. protect religion, encourage people, raise moral. believe nation can only survive because there is religion, and without it, they will become nation of terrorists. Most/all Malays are Muslim. potential cost of military monks: with some military monks, regular soldiers may assume ALL monks have guns, may attack. for USA/England: god, king, country. for thai: religion, monarchy, country. Hegemony: who is god? england= christian. Thai= buddhism. Tibetan & buddhist basically same thing. ethnic nationalism under Greenfeld. military monks are basically a desecration of buddhism itself, so most don't acknowledge/speak of it. |
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Term
| Effects of a Buddhist-fueled violence and Buddhist Warfare |
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Definition
| Southern Thailand 2004-2008: over 4000 OFFICIAL deaths, destruction of over 225 schools, over 40 beheadings, undisclosed number of state-affiliated rapes, abductions, and tortures. buddhist warfare can be sacrireligious. use/application of Buddhism for violence is nothing new. Buddhism can be lived and it can be idealized. must see it for how it is lived in reality- sometimes violent. must not confuse the two. |
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Term
| Women & Resistance to Colonialism: Mahasweti Devi |
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Definition
| politics is constructed & we do not work well within. |
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Term
| "Draupadi" and the Mahabharata |
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Definition
| very important epic coing out of India/S. Asia. means "Great India"- tells how India came to be. Mahabharata 200 BCE-200 CE. familial conflict btween Pandavas & Kauravas. 5 brothers who will inherit kingdom. Draupadi is most celebrated heroine. setting: conflict between neo-colonial India and anti-colonialists. Authorities suspend Indian Constitution, Neo-Colonialists engage in Bakuli Massacre. colonial powers trying to maintain order. authorities in question: neocolonial. neocolonists try to destroy resistance movement. Anti-colonialist fighter Dopdi and her husband Dulna escape. Architect of massacre, Arjan Singh, replaced by Bengali anti-terrorism specialist Senanayak. |
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Term
| Senanayak as Counter-Terrorist |
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Definition
| theory: to destroy enemy you must become one, even enter their bodies. classic colonial view: protector of civilization. fighting for neocolonialist govt. |
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Term
| Peter Brooks' Mahabharata |
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Definition
| game of dice. loses all in dice game, she saves all of them. many religious/political undertones. Krishna often present. wife is husband's property, but after he loses himself, can he bet/lose his belongings? she gains power with freedom. |
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Term
| Female Sexuality and Terror |
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Definition
| Dopdi confronts Senanayak naked: "You can strip me, but how can you clothe me?". Senanayak becomes fearful of "unarmed target". In absense of gods, female sexuality degraded but not destroyed; female power inviolable. senanayak kills Dolpdi's husband to capture, rape, & impose power over her, to prepare her. Dolpdi unintimidated by her comfort w/ body. |
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Term
| SEE CHART. LECTURE 15/18 slide 7. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| everywhere women live under patriarchal rule reinforced by religious sanctions. everywhere women suffer domestic violence and lack property/political rights. everywhere but US women submit to arranged marriages. most poverty was in women, not fathers/brothers. |
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Term
| Mixed changes brought by Industrialization/Urbanization in women |
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Definition
| improved standards of living. greater independence from traditional family. new forms of exploitation for poor. reforms to control middle class women emerged, to promote motherhood, encourage exercise, increase health in females. . 1/2 of world's population had moved into urban centers by 1900. changes in traditional family- women no longer locked in homes. long legacy of feminism in US. |
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Term
| African American feminism |
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Definition
| blacks were acutely aware of gender oppression. spoke out in context of Abolitionism. 1800s: free black women spoke out for women's rights: Frances E.W. Harper, Sojourner Truth ("Ain't I A Woman"- Lincoln took note). |
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Term
| Seneca Falls Convention 1848 |
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Definition
| 1840: founders Stanton & mott met at world anti-slavery convention, mott refused a seat. examples of "others". open mind to slavery does not mean open to gender equality. 1848: convention address condition of women. 300 people at convention, 40 were men. accepted all resolutions but right to vote (suffrage)- frederick douglass. 1851: susan B. anthony joins cause. Carrie Catt: founded international woman's alliance & league of women voters. |
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Term
| First Wave: 19th and early 20th century Women's Movement |
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Definition
| sexual segregation aids new organizational developments for women. by WWI Eurasia, U.S. and Japan pass protective labor legislation- so we now export work to places where labor laws are more lenient. ideologies: protestant, liberalism. reform suffrage movements begin with help of ideologies. women's rights movements provide models for other movements. women's temperance movement bonded together to make alcohol illegal to lower domestic violence. women's rights movement was a model for others BUT even as rights are won, suffrage still escaped. |
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Term
| First Wave: Additional Problems for Women |
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Definition
| socialists: poverty, not inequality is the issue. Charlotte Gilman & Virginia woolf: economic independence & freedom from family (autonomy) is issue. Margaret Sanger: reproductive (sexual) independence is most crucial, over poverty. |
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Term
| World War I and Aftermath for Women |
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Definition
| gave new energy to suffrage movement: 1915 Denmark and Iceland gave women right to vote. 1917: netherlands. 1918 and 1919: england and others. 1920: united states LAST. feminism exploded in russian revolution of 1917. resist govt, bolsheviks. appoint women to high offices in revolution. ree women/children healthcare. War rhetoric supports anti-colonial liberation movements- turkey: democratic developments of Kemal Attaturk- give right to vote in 1930's. |
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Term
| Frustrations for African American Feminists |
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Definition
| 15th amendment: gave voting rights to black men but not women- split between black women and white women. between 1880 and 1930, 3200 african americans lynched: used as a tactic/practice of terror to control one populationand enlarge eco of other (whites). "protect" whites and "purity of white women". also stereotypes African American women as immoral- purity not protected, and had relations with black men. |
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Term
| Ida B. Wells and African American Feminist Resistance |
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Definition
| Organizes women against practice of lynching. becomes one of the founding members of the NAACP (1909). joins jane addams in social reform movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre WWII: World Depression overwhelms, fascists view women's rights as evil, neo-confucianism re-subordinates women, Russia economic crisis hinders women's rights, Latin America: only place women's right's make gains!. After WWII: most beneficial effects are in China with Communists, largest change was the institution of birth control (shows sanger's argument in importance of seual freedom). china communists: women & men equal, freedom to marry, divorce, & remarry. |
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Term
| WWII and Aftermath: Second Wave: Rebirth of Feminism I |
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Definition
| US is site of first changes. Betty Freidan attacks cult of domesticity. Civil Rights act of 1964: women given rights by a fluke. race & sex. motivation still unclear, but women given protection under law for the 1st time. National Organization of Women 1966. |
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Term
| Second Wave: Rebirth of Feminism II |
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Definition
| Simone de Beauvoir: "One is not born, but rather becomes, a women." not born a gender- become one. social construct. gender (not SEX) becomes new conceptual category. sexualities complicate gender 1969. Latin America: talk about slums, welfare, etc. |
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Term
| As Second Wave Goes global, in other parts of the world: |
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Definition
| Africa: colonialism worsens many conditions. Backlash against U.S. and Western Eurasian feminisms in Middle East. Non-US and Western Eurasian feminists advocate combination of reforms. Latin America: woman organize around non-feminist issues. |
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Term
| Basu: Feminisms and the International Women's Movement |
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Definition
| feminism ignores women's movement in postcolonial world. Considers women's movements product of modernization. critique assumption of sameness in forms of women's oppression. UN declares the Decade for Women (1975-85). false to assume sameness in feminine oppression across world. |
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Term
| Beijing Conference 1995: Areas of Concern for women |
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Definition
| 1. poverty felt disproportionately. 2. violence against women. 3. inequality in structures, policies, power. |
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Term
| Women, Culture, and Development: World Statistics |
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Definition
| 1. women make up 50% of world's population. 2. Women do 60% of the world's WORK. 3. Women receive 10% of the world's INCOME. 4. Women own less than 1% of the world's land. |
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Term
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Definition
| interlinked system of lived meanings by which people interpret raw materials of life. furnish patterns, blueprints by which to make sense of the "already" and the "not yet". civilizations are interlinked but not seamless networks of cultural systems. religion, tradition, symbols. a sense of how to understand the world around us. |
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Term
| Commission on National Security 1998 |
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Definition
| meant to analyze threats to US. formed Hart-Brudman Commission. assess developments in the recent future, bipartisan. published recommendations/suggestions for the US 1999- like how outer space is now a crucial environment. threats had to be taken seriously. 1. US more vulnerable to attack on homeland. 2. Advances in information & biotechnologies increase vulnerability. 3. new technologies divide & unite world. 4. security of all advanced states affected by evolving global infrastructure. 5. energy remains of major strategic importance. 6. all borders more porous but state sovereignty, threatened, still endures. 7. failing/fragmenting states destabilize neighbors. 8. foreign crises include increased atrocities and terror. 9. space now critical military environment. 10. essence of war won't change but levels of violence, kinds of actors, instruments of destruction will. 11. US intelligence will face more difficulty adversaries and won't prevent all surprises. 12. US will have to act more unilaterally. 13. security environment in 21st century requires different military and other capabilities. Thought up by a bipartisan commission between clinton and bush to outline threats to current world order, given to brugman and then condolezza rice. |
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Term
| Cultural Explanations of Global Threats: Huntington |
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Definition
| even if you don't agree, important to understand him. many beliefs: culture and cultural identities are civilizational when at the broadest level. the post cold war world: civilization identities (aka broad cultural identities) shape patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict, has global impact. nation state is still most important and in control, but policies pushed/funneled through civilizational tendencies. civilizational values grounded in religion, incompatible. many civilizations (7 or 8) are rearranging the world order. most serious conflicts arise between nation-states of different civilizations. is a TRANSFORMATIONALIST. |
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Term
| Huntington's Clash thesis: Culture Reshapes World in Six Ways |
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Definition
| 1. global politics are multicivilizational and multipolar (during cold war, was BIpolar, now many). 2. the west is declining in influence (violence mostly always seen as defense- homeland, life, safety). 3. balance of power shifting among civilizations. 4. a civilizational-based world order emerging. 5. universalism of the west creates conflicts with other civilizations, mainly Islam and China. 6. Survival of the West depends on affirming western identity. Refutes skeptics. |
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Term
| Appeals of Civilizational Approaches (Huntington) |
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Definition
| invokes richness of history. gives political analysis new profundity. mirrors common beliefs that cater to dualistic thinking. simplifies explanation of global violence |
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Term
| Huntington's civilizations |
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Definition
| 1. Western 2. orthodox 3. latin american. 4. muslim. 5. hindu. 6. sinic. 7. japan. 8. buddhist. 9. sub-saharan Africa. |
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Term
| Balance of Power Shifting Among Civilizations |
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Definition
| Asia expanding economically, non-western are affirming own values. civilizational-based world order emerging. difficult to shift societies from one civilization to another (turkey into EU- huntington would say will never happen. incompatible. universalism of west creates conflicts with others, mostly Islam and China. USA and west must affirm their values, views, and make sure that they team together, are standing next to right people. Huntington's ideas have influenced govt action. |
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Term
| "Guest Lecture" Edward Said |
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Definition
| one of first critics of huntington. critiques: Islam is seen merely as "anti-westernism". Africa as one civilization, is many differet cultures, bound to crash. liberia is only one part of africa, speaks hundred languages. similarities: onstruction of the "other": islam, ourselves in reaction to "them", the danger of "our". we are trying to come back to our civilizational roots, but who "we are is a big question. |
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Term
| Juergensmeyer's Alternatives to Huntington |
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Definition
| fortress modernica. north vs. south. global economic balkanization. global civic society. |
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Term
| Global Civic Society: Cultural Cosmopolitism |
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Definition
| 1. recognizes increasing interconnectedness. 2. encourages understanding of overlapping "fortunes". 3. celebration of difference & reasoning from the point of view of others. 4. three accounts: stoics, western eurasian enlightenment, contemporary. |
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Term
| What Cultural Cosmopolitanism Offers |
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Definition
| 1. middle path: ethnocentric nationalism/particularistic multiculturalism. 2. vision of global democracy and world citizenship. 3. possibility for shaping new transnational frameworks that link social movements. 4. identity politics of overlapping interests and heterogeneous publics to challenge national notions. |
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