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What type of data makes GIS unique? |
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What number system do computers use? |
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Each state (0 or 1) is called? |
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Fundamental data unit in digital computers |
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How many bits are in a byte? |
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How many unique values can be in a byte |
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What does this equal 10111 |
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Do not exist between observation points Form a separate entity Ex: zebras and lakes Can only exist as whole objects Represented as a vector |
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Exist spatially between objects Fractional parts are allowed Ex: Elevation, Precipitation Represented as a raster |
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Voting Patterns Climate Glaciers Migration |
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Usually numerical information to describe or measure geographical phenoma |
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Simplest level of measurement scale Objects classed into groups Cannot perform math between classes Can only determine equality or inequality |
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Scaling based on a hierarchy No means to determine how much distance separates observations |
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Can array events in order of rank Know distance between observations Units of interval scale equal throughout The chosen intervals may not have natural origins, and does not make sense to make ratios between numbers |
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Ordering events with known distances separating the events Ratio-scaling magnitudes are absolute and have a known starting point The scale of measurement has a 0 as its origin Most measurement in physical sciences is done one ration sclaes |
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Democrat Republican Independent |
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Class ranking (without knowing GPA) Finishing position of racers Mohs Hardness Scale Likert Scale |
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Fahrenheit Temperature Scale Celsius Temperature Scale SAT Score |
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Kelvin Temperature Scale Elevation above sea level |
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Imposed by researchers An attempt to organize reality or to facilitate data collection -Regions -Census Tracts |
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What characteristics of phenomena might make them hard to represent in GIS (4) |
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Ill defined spatial extent Ill defined boundaries Entities that change over time Regions easy to characterize? |
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Composed of two or more singular units |
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Where did Roger Tomlinson work? |
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Canadian Department Forestry and Rural Development |
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What was the first true GIS |
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The Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) created in 1966 |
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GIS must be composed of these 3 things |
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A Database containing attribute information Spatial or Map Information A way to link the first two |
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GIS can do the following with spatial information (6) |
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Capture Archive Retrieval Projection Analysis Display |
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ad hoc or context specific |
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Three bases for classifying Geograpahic Problems |
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The scale or level of geographic detail The basis of their intent or purpose Timescale of the problem |
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Implying a subset of the spatial applied specifically to the Earth's surface and near surface |
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Large map scales have what size denotation? |
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What type of scale remains true if map is enlarged or reduced |
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When we measure a position on Earth what type of coordinates are used? |
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The angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the local position to the intersection of the axis of rotation with the equatorial plane. Determination based on a spherical earth is also termed Authalic latitude |
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The angle between the plane of the geodetic equator and the local direction of the geodetic vertical. Geodetic Latitude and Geographic Latitude are practically the same |
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Obtained by surface observation of angular altitude of the visible pole. Due to flattening of the geoellipsoid, local plumb variates from geocentric in relation to distance from the equator and poles, and length of a geofractional meridional line will vary in length by latitude, increasing towards the pole. At any particular latitude, the geographic and geodetic latitude values are greater than the equivalent geocentric latitude. Geographic latitude is also termed Astronimical Latitude |
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What coordinate system does GIS work in? |
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Rectangular coordinate systems (X,Y) |
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In ArcGIS rectangular coordinate system is known as: |
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Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) |
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What is degrees, minute, second converted to for computers |
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degree+(minute+[second/60])/60 |
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4 coordinates areas of the world |
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Problem Identification Preliminary Ideas Design Refinement Analyze Implementation |
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Elements found on most thematic maps (9) |
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Title Legend Scale Credits Mapped Areas Graticule Border (neatline) Symbols Place Names |
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What are the two factors that affect visual balance |
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The mapping of values by place, or more precisely...mapping values by enumeration unites |
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What is an enumeration unit? |
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Statistical or political units by which the data is gathered |
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When to use Choropleth Map |
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When data occurs in well defined enumeration units If data can be expressed as ratios or proportions Should NOT be used if exact or precise data values within enumeration units must be shown |
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What kind of data should a Choropleth map use? |
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Generally should not be used as different sized enumeration units distort the data presentation |
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Different Patterns Different Textures Different Orientation |
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What in the boundary between a tone and a pattern? |
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Mapping of discrete geographical phenomena Technique has been used for more than a hundred years While any symbol can be used, the dot has become the most commonly used symbol and hence the term dot map |
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Map interpretation may be difficult Method is time-consuming Frequently map design prevents the recovery of the original data |
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The larger a circle is for a proportional map the: |
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Greater the under estimationn |
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Means that every different values on the map is represented by a different sized circle |
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Means that the data is divided into classes and each class is represented by one size circle |
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A planimetric graphic representation of a three-dimensional volume Can be "fishnet", shaded relief, isolines, or raised statistical area |
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A system of quantitative line symbols that attempt to portray the undulating surface of a three-dimensional volume Each line represents a single value, ie, all points on that line have the same value |
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Flow maps show the linear movement between places Flow maps are sometimes referred to as dynamic maps They can be qualitative or quantitative In most instances the cartographer attempts to depict the actual route taken, but this must be balances with the need for generalization in maps |
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Lines are scaled so that they are proportional to the amounts they represent |
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All information should be kept simple, including flow line scaling |
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When using interposition: |
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The smaller lines go on top of the larger ones |
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Non-contiguous cartograms |
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Preserves the shape of each enumeration unit Empty space between the enumeration units Enumeration units will not fit together to maintain the contiguous character of the map |
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What is correlation to the data and area of the enumerations units |
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Requirements for selecting a cartogram |
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The reader must be familiar with the overall shape of the study area Must also be familiar with the shape of the individual enumeration units that comprise the study areas |
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First description of the Earth as a Sphere |
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Appears in Plato's Phaedo |
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First person to say Earth revolved around the sun |
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Aristarchus -Greek astronamer |
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Who first said Earth was not a perfect sphere |
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Issac Newton and Huygen said it was an oblate spheroid based on gravity Picard and Cassini said it was prolate |
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Who first calculated Earth's circumference |
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Earth-Shaped Earth's mean-sea-level surface For land he geoid would be the height to which water would rise in a transcontinental canal |
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Equipotential Surface -defined by the amount of work required to move a unit mass from one surface to another these perpendicular distance between the surfaces varies over the earth |
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What model do we use in GIS? |
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Some elements of a geodetic datum |
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semi-major axis of the ellipsoid semi-minor axis of the ellipsoid latitude of the initial point longitude of the initial point azimuth from the initial point to another point assumes ellipsoid and geoid are coincident at initial point and earth's spin is parallel to ellipsoids minor axis |
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Meade's Ranch, Kansas Clarke Spheroid of 1866 |
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A reference point or surface against which position measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing positions |
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A mathematical model of the earth upon which geodetic computations are based |
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Global datums have to take into account |
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earth's gravitational attraction and centrifugal acceleration |
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Geoid Reference Ellipsoid Perfect Sphere Map Projection |
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Four General Classes of Maps |
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Equal Area Conformal Equidistant Azimuthal |
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Shape is preserved Lines of longitude and latitude cross at right-angles |
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Three families of projections |
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Azimuthal=plane Cylindrical=cylinder Conic=cone |
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Distances along designated great circles are true or distances from one point to all others is true |
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True direction is shown from one central point to all other points |
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