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Definition
| Graphical representation of geographically-distributed (geospatial) features or conditions that occur (once occured, or are predicted to occur) on, over, or under a planet |
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Definition
Dictionary definition
One element being portrayed[image]
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Definition
Encyclopedia definiton
Multiple elements being portrayed[image] |
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Definition
Any map that is not an overhead view
[image] |
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Definition
Represents relief
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Not based on actual space
[image] |
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Definition
-to enhance understanding of the complex universe
-improve environmental & socio-economic management
-communicate ideas about the spatial dimensions of our environment |
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Term
| Components of a cartographically sound map |
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Definition
-Title (no more than 8 words)
-Data sources (author and date, projection)
-Scale (verbal, graphic, ratio)
-Legend
-Compass rose
-Neat line (along map edge) |
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Definition
Aerial image serves as background
Additional point of reference
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Term
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Definition
Type of isoline
-line connecting points of equal value
Close contour lines are steeper elevation changes |
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Definition
| Uses shadow to show elevation and communicate relief |
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Definition
Colors represent elevations
May also be used to represent land cover or use |
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Definition
Does not display elevation
Everything is square and box-y
[image] |
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Definition
| Mathematical transformation of the curved surface of the Earth to the flat surface of a map |
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Definition
| relationship between the distance that separates two points on a map and the distance between the same two points in the "real world" |
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Definition
written: one inch equals four miles
representative fraction: 1:250,000
graphic scale |
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Term
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Definition
large area coverage
less detail
1:100,000 |
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Definition
small area coverage
greater detail
1:6,000
shows features (buildings, roads, rivers) |
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Term
| Four aspects that can be affected with map projection |
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Definition
distance
shape
direction
area |
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Term
Features on a map
(points, lines, area)
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Definition
points: wells, weatehr stations, sample sites
lines: streams, railroads
area: land use, watersheds, ownership |
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Term
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Definition
| 7.5 minutes of latitude/longitude |
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Term
General symbol colors
(water, topography, cultural features, updates) |
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Definition
water: blue
topography: brown
cultural feature: black or red
updates: purple |
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Term
LIDAR
Light Detection And Ranging |
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Definition
-very expensive, requires airplane
-trees and buildings are a problem
-lasers bounce back to plane |
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Definition
| Vertical difference on the Earth's surface |
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Definition
| Shaded relief, uses shadows |
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Term
| Factors controlling hillshade results |
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Definition
-position of illumination source
-angle of illumination
-land surface configuration
-position from which surface is presumed viewed
-low angle shows "more relief" |
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Definition
Vertical change in elevation of the land surface, when determined over a given horizontal distance
Expressed in % or degrees |
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Definition
| Vector representing steepest slope and its direction |
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Term
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Definition
Cardinal direction slope faces
Degrees of azimuth
North=0
East=90
South=180
West=270 |
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Term
| US National Map Accuracy Standards |
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Definition
-specifics vary with mapscale
-For USGS 7.5 minute (1:24,000) quad
-positions of 90% of all points tested must be within 1/50th of an inch of true location
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Term
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Definition
1) mark high points surrounding stream
2) draw flow arrows perpendicular to contour lines
3) demarcations never bisect a "V" |
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Term
| Definition of a watershed |
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Definition
| An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas |
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Definition
| Process of accurately locating a feature using a coordinate system |
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Term
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Definition
-spherical or rectangular grid
-measurement from an origin defines position |
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Term
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Definition
-Latitude and longitude
-meridians (latitude) & parallels (longitude)
-origin at equator (lat) and prime meridian (long)
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Term
US Public Land Survey System
(PLSS) |
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Definition
-A cadastral system; a plane grid, but not based on a map projection
-PLSS used west of App. Mntns.
-In Eastern US, parts of Texas "metes & bounds" natural markers
-GRID ORIGIN SET AT INTERSECTION OF A BASELINE (E-->W) AND A PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN (PM) |
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Term
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Definition
-6th principal meridian goes through Wichita
-Township lines surveyed at 6 mile intervals north and south of baseline
-range lines surveyed at 6 mile intervals east and west of PM
-each 6x6 township has 36 sections (1 sq mile) |
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Term
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Definition
-640 acres in one section
-section numbers are always labeled in red
-township and range labels also in red
-probs: PLSS surveys from different origins meet; superposition of PLSS on older cadastral systems |
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Term
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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Definition
-divide earth surface into zones
-position is fixed by measuring east & north from an origin
*false origin, false easting, false northing
-"global" does not go past 84 deg N to 80 deg S |
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Term
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Definition
-each quadrilateral divided into 100,000 meter zones
-false origin: north half of zone, on equator 500,000 m W of origin
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Term
| How to write UTM coordinates |
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Definition
1) easting
2)northing
3)zone #
4)zone half |
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Term
State Plane Coordinate System
(SPCS) |
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Definition
Developed in 1930s
States may have several zones
SPC83 conforms to NAD83, multiple zones coalesced |
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Definition
provides the mathematical and theoretical framework for positioning features
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Definition
| spherical or planar "grid" used to define position of features |
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Definition
| based on legal definitions of individual parcels; must be tied to geodetic survey & coordinate system (PLSS) |
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Definition
| Relates position of features established in a coordinate system to actual positioning |
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Term
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Definition
-geodesy: science of measuring and modeling the shape of the Earth
-earth model establishes baselines (datum) from which horizontal & vertical positions are determined |
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Term
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Definition
-approximates mean sea level based on Earth's gravitational surface
-used to establish datum for vertical positioning (elevation) |
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Term
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Definition
Geodetic datums: based on models of Earth's shape (ellipsoid and geoid)
-used to relates spherical or planar coordinates to actual Earth locations
North American Datum (1927,83,88) |
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Term
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Definition
| always involves distortion of shape, area, distance, or direction |
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Definition
| Flat piece of paper and touching it to one point |
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Definition
| wrapping globe in tube of paper |
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Term
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Definition
| projecting a spherical surface onto a cone |
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Term
Mercator cylindrical conformal projection
Normal or regular aspect |
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Definition
tangent: equator
rhumb lines straight |
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Term
Mercator cylindrical conformal projection
transverse aspect |
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Definition
tangent: any meridian
rhumb lines not straight lines
scale increases w/distance from tangency (longitude) not latitudee |
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Term
Mercator cylindrical conformal projection
Oblique aspect |
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Definition
| tangent: along a great circle (not equator or meridian) |
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