Term
what are prokaryotic cell walls made of? |
|
Definition
Peptidoglycan made of alternating NAM NAG |
|
|
Term
what is a prokaryotic cells capsule made of? |
|
Definition
polypeptides and polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
What are the four types of prokaryote flagella? |
|
Definition
monotrichous(single)
Lophotrichous(tuft)
Amphitrichous(thru cell)
peritrichous(all over) |
|
|
Term
what is the effect of temperature,ph and concentration of substrate, on an enzyme |
|
Definition
temperature affects the shape of the active site, ph can denature the enzyme,the more substrate the more enzymatic activity untill all active sites are full |
|
|
Term
what enzyme chops up rna primer
and puts dna in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the parts of a virus? |
|
Definition
capsid,capsomer,envelope,and glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
What are the five stages of infection? |
|
Definition
A. incubation period-the time between initial infection and the occurance of first symptoms
B.prodromal period-time period with mild symptoms
C.illness- Most severe stage
D.Decline- Body is returning to normal
E.Convalescences-The patient is recovered |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of transmission of infectious disease? |
|
Definition
A.Contact Transmission-direct (person to person) indirect (fomites and droplet)
B.Vehicle Transmission-Airborne (greater than 1meter),
Waterborne Transmission(fecal oral,through skin),Foodborne transmission
C.Vector transmission-Biological vectors, Insects and Arachnids
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|
Term
Name the three Granulocytes |
|
Definition
A.Neutrophil- a phagocyte most numerous
B.Basophil- to fight worm infestations,main cause of allergies least numerous
C.Eosinophils-Phagocyte |
|
|
Term
What are the three tpes of agranulocytes ? |
|
Definition
1.Lympocytes-mostly specific imm. except natural killer cells (Nk cells look for cells that no longer prod M.H.C.
2.Monocyte/Macrophages (monocyte in blood Mac in tissue) Are phagocytes and apc(antigenpresentingcells)
3.Dendritic Cells-Most efficient APC, Best phagocytes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small prroteins, used in cell to cell communication,served as a chemical messenger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small peptides that punch holes in the paths. membrane is secreted by macrophages |
|
|
Term
What is the purpouse of the thymus? |
|
Definition
To test Tcells to make sure they function properly |
|
|
Term
What is the steps to maturing a Tcell? |
|
Definition
They enter cortex of thymus, tested by stromal and nurse cells mst be able to recognize self MHC1 or MHC2, if not apoptosis (killed)if they pass they move to medulla where they are tested by Dendritic cells and macs to make sure they dont bond to self antigens if do apoptosis, next they are tested to make sure they dont bond to tightly to MHC if pass all tests go on to secondary lymph organs |
|
|
Term
Where is MHC1 found Where is MHC2 found |
|
Definition
MHC1 is found in all nucleated cells, MHC2 is found in macrophage/monocytes, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
What are the two types of T cells? |
|
Definition
TH cells
TH1- these activate Tc cells and macs (cell mediated)
TH2- activate Bcells (humoral)
Tc cells- bind to cells with MHC1 and path. epitopes and kill them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activated by Th2 cells turn into big plasma cells and produce antibodies, also can be antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
What are the two types of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells |
|
|
Term
What are the coreceptors for the two types of T cells? |
|
Definition
CD4 for TH cells and CD8 for TC cells |
|
|
Term
What are the two types of TH cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release IL-2 and gamma interferon, and cell mediated response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release IL-4 and IL-10, and stimulate B cell response |
|
|
Term
How do TC cells kill infected cells? |
|
Definition
Attach to MHC1 then they release perforins which make a hole in the membrane,then release granzymes which enters cell and causes apoptosis, The cd95 on both cells join and also causes apoptosis |
|
|
Term
What cell activates B Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does TH2 cells release to activate B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does TH1 release to activate TC cells? |
|
Definition
IL-2 and gamma interferon |
|
|
Term
What is the first antibody released by the B cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the five different kinds of antibody |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the four functions of antibody's |
|
Definition
Agglutination,Neutralization,Opsonization, and Activation of complement |
|
|
Term
What are the two steps of type 1 hypersensitivty? |
|
Definition
Sensitization,and Degranulation |
|
|
Term
What are the chemicals inolved in type 1 hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
a)histamine
b)kinins
c)proteases
d)Leukotrines
e)prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
Wat are the two types of Type 2 hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. Transfuion Reaction
2. The RH system |
|
|
Term
What is type3 Hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
When the ag and the ab come together and get stuck in tissue and attract mast cells and neutrophils,which causes degranulation and leads to inflamation and tissue damage |
|
|
Term
What does of type3 hypersensitivity cause? |
|
Definition
1. Hypersensitivity pneumonia
2.Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
How does an ELISA test work? |
|
Definition
You use special wells with ags stuck on bottom, add serum, wash and incubate, add abs from mouse that bind to human ab, wash and add reagents that will change color if positive |
|
|
Term
What is a passive immunity immunization? |
|
Definition
When you inject the patient directly with antibodies |
|
|
Term
How do you use Recombinant DNA to make synthetic peptide vaccines? |
|
Definition
Dissolve the path and take a preselected piece of DNA, open a plasmid and insert piece of DNA use ligase to join two together, Put plasmid in a vile of bacteria or yeast and use heat shock to cause transformation, grow the changed bacteria and get the ag from them |
|
|
Term
What does the drug B-lactams do? |
|
Definition
Binds to penicillin binding proteins inhibiting the formation of the protein cross links between the NAM is cidal |
|
|
Term
How does the drug Aminoglycosides work? |
|
Definition
It binds to the a site on 70s ribosomes changes the shape of the a site which changes shape of mrna which produces malformed proteins |
|
|
Term
How does the drug tetracycline work? |
|
Definition
Blocks the a site stopping protein production |
|
|
Term
How does the drug Chloramphenicol work? |
|
Definition
binds to the 50s sub unit stopping the enzymatic acitivity of making peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
How does the drug microlides work? |
|
Definition
Binds and stops ribosome from moving to the next codon |
|
|
Term
Name the three types of anti-fungal drugs |
|
Definition
A. Terbinafide
B. Azoles
C. Polyenes |
|
|
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Terbinafine work? |
|
Definition
Taken orally or topically collects in keratonizes tissue,binds to the enzyme that turns lanosterol into ergosterol stops cell cycle |
|
|
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Azoles Work? |
|
Definition
Taken oraly or topically, binds to enzymes that change lanosterol into ergosterol stopping cell cycle. DOES NOT COLLECT IN KERATINIZED TISSUE |
|
|
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug polyenes work? |
|
Definition
it binds to ergosterol and causes a pore in membrane which causes cell lysis |
|
|
Term
Why can the Anti-fungal drug Polyenes be dangerous? |
|
Definition
it can bind to cholesterol as well causing our cells to die |
|
|
Term
How can you make polenes safer to use? |
|
Definition
By putting it in a liposome |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of anti-viral drugs? |
|
Definition
Nucleotide analogs,drugs that block entry into the cell, protease inhibitors |
|
|
Term
What are the two major pathogens in candida infections? |
|
Definition
Candida Albicans
Candida Glabrata |
|
|
Term
Where can you get Candida infections? |
|
Definition
Cutaneous,mucosal (yeast infection),oral thrush,and can get systemic |
|
|
Term
What pathogen causes most yeast infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why are candida infections drug resistant? |
|
Definition
Have many efflux pumps, otc drugs hve created stronger strains |
|
|
Term
Staphylococcus aures infections |
|
Definition
A.pimples,boils,carbuncles,urinary tract,impentigo,and scaled skin
B.Systemic
C.Bacteremia(in blood)
D.Endocarditis(Heart lining, valves)
E.Pneumonia
F.Osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes diseases |
|
Definition
A.Pharyngitis(strep throat)
B.Scarlet Fever
C.Pyoderma(puss filled lesions)
D.Erysipeals(in lymph nodes)
E.Necrotizing Fasciits(flesh eating bacteria)
F.Rheumatic fever(autoimmune,attacks heart valves)
G.Glomerulonephritis(type III hyper,kidney damage
e |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae disease |
|
Definition
A.leading cause of bacterial pnuemonia
B.Sinusitis(sinus infection with puss)
C.Otitis media(middle ear with puss)
D.Bacteremia(in blood)
E.Endocarditis(heart lining
F.Pnuemococcal meningitis(high rate of death) |
|
|
Term
Cloristidium perfringens disease |
|
Definition
A.Gas gangrene
B.food poisoning(diarrhea and abdominal pain) |
|
|
Term
Clostridium tetani disease |
|
Definition
tetanus toxin binds to ihibitory neurotransmitters,muscles cannot relax,lock jaw, you die because your diaphram cannot relax |
|
|
Term
Clostridium botulinum disease |
|
Definition
A.Food borne ingest toxin, toxin blocks muscle contraction causes flaccid paralysis,die
B.Infant, spores are ingested bacteria starts to
grow rare cause of sids |
|
|
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
pathology (primary) |
|
Definition
inhalation(only need 10),Macs in alveoli phagocytize but cannot digest bacilli,bascilli reproduce inside mac and kill it,cell mediated response calls more macs and cycle repeats,forms a tight ball called a tubercle,caseous necrosis in center this becomes a stale mate forms ghon complex(calcium deposit) |
|
|
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
pathology A.(secondary)B.(dissemated) |
|
Definition
A.Mycobacterium break out of tubercle, infection now reestablished,spreads to other parts of lungs
B.carried to other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
Corynebacterium diptheriae pathology |
|
Definition
Toxins get into cell by endocytosis,stops ribosome function killing cells |
|
|
Term
What bacteria gives you really watery sometimes bloody diarreah? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oral fecal route,pili bind to epithelial cells,can produce enterotoxins in the intestines,uti normal flora in wrong place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes salmonellosis,found on eggs,passes thru stomach attaches to intestines,inserts protein into cell,induces phago by intestinal cells,reproduces in cell and kills it |
|
|
Term
What bacteria causes green diarrhea than turns mucusy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goes to large intestine attaches to epithelial
cells and induces phag,reproduces in cells,
invades other cells,forms abcess,
does not invade blood |
|
|
Term
What bacteria causes fibrous diarrhea
with agonizing pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Treponema pallidum pallidum
phases |
|
Definition
primary forms a chancre which is small painless
and red,lesions last 3-6 weeks then go away
Secondary rash all over body which does not
itch after several weeks it goes away
Latency no signs or symptoms
Tertiary stage get gummas all over tissues
found on nerve cells and in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Elementary body attaches to host cell,get phag,
now in inclusion body
2.Inside the cell becomes a reticulate body,
reproduce by binary fission
3.Back to elementary bodies,cause cell lysis,
release elementary bodies |
|
|
Term
Chlamydia D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K disease |
|
Definition
Sexually transmitted,Nongonococcal Urethritis,Asymptomatic in women,opthalmia neonaterum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eat contaminated food,toxin gets into cells causing the secretion of electroytes,water follows,causes rice water diarrhea 20-30 times a day,lose 10 -15 liters of water a day,can cause coma and death |
|
|
Term
What bacteria causes rice water diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
explain dsDNA viral replication |
|
Definition
goes to nucleus,some integrate with cells genome,transcribe RNA using viral DNA,translation takes place and proteins go back to nucleus,the VDNA replicates and joins the proteins for assembly |
|
|
Term
Explain +ssRNA viral replication |
|
Definition
Goes directly to ribosomes functioning as mrna,
produces proteins, uses vrna polymerase to
change from + to - to produce more +ssrna |
|
|
Term
What three enzymes do retro viruses come with? |
|
Definition
Reverse transcriptase(transcribe DNA from RNA)
Integrase(puts vgenome into cells genome)
Protease(cleaves RT and integrase) |
|
|
Term
Explain how a retrovirus reproduces |
|
Definition
RT attaches to the rna and transribes dna,then replicates it,INT puts the DNA into cells genome,the cell transcribes the dna and makes rna,through translation proteins,and the enzymes are produced , this joins some rna left over from transcription and is assembled then protease cleaves RT from INT activating virus |
|
|
Term
Explain -ssrna viral replication |
|
Definition
comes with vrna polymerase that turns it into +ssrna then goes to ribosomes as mrna |
|
|
Term
what are the six types of Herpesviridae |
|
Definition
1.herpes simplex 1 and 2
2.Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
3.Epstein bar(mono)
4.Cytomegalovirus
5.HHV8(roseola)
6.HHV8(Koposi sarcoma) |
|
|
Term
What are the three stages of a HHV-1 and 2 infection? |
|
Definition
1.initial infection-enters through cuts and abrasions,lesions may appear,infected cells fuse with noninfected forming a syncytium
2.Latency stage-goes to nerve cells,carried
to sacral ganglia in genital herpes and
trigeminal ganglia in oral herpes
3.comes out of latency-any kind of stress causes |
|
|
Term
Epstein-Barr virus disease |
|
Definition
Burkitts lymphoma
Mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gets into blood,invades B cells,B cells become large with multiple nuclei,the T-cells kill the infected b-cells |
|
|
Term
What does Epstein-Barr virus cause in the immunocompromised? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hep b, infects liver causes jaundice can cause liver cancer from asymptomatic to chronic infections lasting 20-40 years |
|
|
Term
What are the two types of HIV |
|
Definition
HIV 1-reproduces faster,found in europe and US
HIV 2-replicates more slowly found in west africa |
|
|
Term
What type of cells does HIV infect? |
|
Definition
a.T-helper cells
b.Macrophages
c.Microglial
d.smooth muscle
e.Dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
What are the three stages of developing aids |
|
Definition
A.initial infection-release viruses all over 6months
B.clinical latency-body produces abs,viral levals plummet,tc-cells kill Th cells,patient unaware 5-10 years
C.Development of aids-body cannot keep making
Th cells,Th count falls below 200/ul,immune
system becomes impaired |
|
|
Term
What is the most important source
of transmission for hiv |
|
Definition
infected cells(wbc)-approximately 5000 infected cells per ml of blood, can be 10000 per ejaculate,can ce
in wbc of vagina
|
|
|
Term
Family orthomyxoviridae disease? |
|
Definition
the flu two strains A and B |
|
|
Term
What is unusual about the
structure of orthomyxoviridae? |
|
Definition
contains 8 -ssrna, also has envelope |
|
|
Term
what are the two major antigens on orthomyxoviridae? what do they do? |
|
Definition
1.HA-attach to pulmonary cells and cause phag
2.NA-hydrolisis your mucus |
|
|
Term
Family picornaviridae disease? |
|
Definition
common cold
polio
hepatitis A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
common cold over 100 types |
|
|
Term
how do you get Enteroviruses-poliomyelitis? |
|
Definition
oral fecal route,from lakes and pools, goes from intestines to brain, |
|
|
Term
what are the four types of polio? |
|
Definition
1.asymptomatic
2.minor polio(flu like)
3.nonparalytic(muscle spasms and back pain)
4.paralytic (affects motor cortex,causes paralysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hepatitis A found in fecal matter,can survive bleach, does not cause cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is type 4 hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1.delayed hypersensitivity,allergic
contact dermatitis(poison ivy)
2.graft rejection |
|
|