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gibbs final
gibbs final
98
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
06/04/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what are prokaryotic cell walls made of?
Definition
Peptidoglycan made of alternating NAM NAG
Term
what is a prokaryotic cells capsule made of?
Definition
polypeptides and polysaccharides
Term
What are the four types of prokaryote flagella?
Definition

monotrichous(single)

Lophotrichous(tuft)

Amphitrichous(thru cell)

peritrichous(all over)

Term
what is the effect of temperature,ph and concentration of substrate, on an enzyme
Definition
temperature affects the shape of the active site, ph can denature the enzyme,the more substrate the more enzymatic activity untill all active sites are full
Term

what enzyme chops up rna primer

and puts dna in place?

Definition
DNA POL II
Term
What are the parts of a virus?
Definition
capsid,capsomer,envelope,and glycoprotein
Term
What are the five stages of infection?
Definition

A. incubation period-the time between initial infection and the occurance of first symptoms

B.prodromal period-time period with mild symptoms

C.illness- Most severe stage

D.Decline- Body is returning to normal

E.Convalescences-The patient is recovered

Term
What are the three types of transmission of infectious disease?
Definition

A.Contact Transmission-direct (person to person) indirect (fomites and droplet)

B.Vehicle Transmission-Airborne (greater than 1meter),

Waterborne Transmission(fecal oral,through skin),Foodborne transmission

C.Vector transmission-Biological vectors, Insects and Arachnids

 

Term
Name the three Granulocytes
Definition

A.Neutrophil- a phagocyte most numerous

B.Basophil- to fight worm infestations,main cause of allergies least numerous

C.Eosinophils-Phagocyte

Term
What are the three tpes of agranulocytes ?
Definition

1.Lympocytes-mostly specific imm. except natural killer cells (Nk cells look for cells that no longer prod M.H.C.

2.Monocyte/Macrophages  (monocyte in blood Mac in tissue) Are phagocytes and apc(antigenpresentingcells)

3.Dendritic Cells-Most efficient APC, Best phagocytes

 

Term
What are cytokines?
Definition
Small prroteins, used in cell to cell communication,served as a chemical messenger
Term
What are defenins?
Definition
Small peptides that punch holes in the paths. membrane is secreted by macrophages
Term
What is the purpouse of the thymus?
Definition
To test Tcells to make sure they function properly
Term
What is the steps to maturing a Tcell?
Definition
They enter cortex of thymus, tested by stromal and nurse cells mst be able to recognize self MHC1 or MHC2, if not apoptosis (killed)if they pass they move to medulla where they are tested by Dendritic cells and macs to make sure they dont bond to self antigens if do apoptosis, next they are tested to make sure they dont bond to tightly to MHC if pass all tests go on to secondary lymph organs
Term
Where is MHC1 found Where is MHC2 found
Definition
MHC1 is found in all nucleated cells, MHC2 is found in macrophage/monocytes, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes
Term
What are the two types of T cells?
Definition

TH cells

TH1- these activate Tc cells and macs (cell mediated)

TH2- activate Bcells (humoral)

Tc cells- bind to cells with MHC1 and path. epitopes and kill them

Term
What do B cells do?
Definition
Activated by Th2 cells turn into big plasma cells and produce antibodies, also can be antigen presenting cells
Term
What are the two types of T lymphocytes?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Term
What are the coreceptors for the two types of T cells?
Definition
CD4 for TH cells and CD8 for TC cells
Term
What are the two types of TH cells?
Definition
TH1 and TH2
Term
What does a TH1 do?
Definition
release IL-2 and gamma interferon, and cell mediated response
Term
What does TH2 do?
Definition
release IL-4 and IL-10, and stimulate B cell response
Term
How do TC cells kill infected cells?
Definition
Attach to MHC1 then they release perforins which make a hole in the membrane,then release granzymes which enters cell and causes apoptosis, The cd95 on both cells join and also causes apoptosis
Term
What cell activates B Cells?
Definition
TH2 cells
Term
What does TH2 cells release to activate B cells?
Definition
IL-4 and IL-10
Term
What does TH1 release to activate TC cells?
Definition
IL-2 and gamma interferon
Term
What is the first antibody released by the B cell?
Definition
IgM
Term
Name the five different kinds of antibody
Definition
IgM,IgG,IgD,IgE,and IgA
Term
What are the four functions of antibody's
Definition
Agglutination,Neutralization,Opsonization, and Activation of complement
Term
What are the two steps of type 1 hypersensitivty?
Definition
Sensitization,and Degranulation
Term
What are the chemicals inolved in type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition

a)histamine

b)kinins

c)proteases

d)Leukotrines

e)prostaglandins

Term
Wat are the two types of Type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition

1. Transfuion Reaction

2. The RH system

Term
What is type3 Hypersensitivity?
Definition
When the ag and the ab come together and get stuck in tissue and attract mast cells and neutrophils,which causes degranulation and leads to inflamation and tissue damage
Term
What does of type3 hypersensitivity cause?
Definition

1. Hypersensitivity pneumonia

2.Glomerulonephritis

Term
How does an ELISA test work?
Definition
You use special wells with ags stuck on bottom, add serum, wash and incubate, add abs from mouse that bind to human ab, wash and add reagents that will change color if positive
Term
What is a passive immunity immunization?
Definition
When you inject the patient directly with antibodies
Term
How do you use Recombinant DNA to make synthetic peptide vaccines?
Definition
Dissolve the path and take a preselected piece of DNA, open a plasmid and insert piece of DNA use ligase to join two together, Put plasmid in a vile of bacteria or yeast and use heat shock to cause transformation, grow the changed bacteria and get the ag from them
Term
What does the drug B-lactams do?
Definition
Binds to penicillin binding proteins inhibiting the formation of the protein cross links between the NAM is cidal
Term
How does the drug Aminoglycosides work?
Definition
It binds to the a site on 70s ribosomes changes the shape of the a site which changes shape of mrna which produces malformed proteins
Term
How does the drug tetracycline work?
Definition
Blocks the a site stopping protein production
Term
How does the drug Chloramphenicol work?
Definition
binds to the 50s sub unit stopping the enzymatic acitivity of making peptide bonds
Term
How does the drug microlides work?
Definition
Binds and stops ribosome from moving to the next codon
Term
Name the three types of anti-fungal drugs
Definition

A. Terbinafide

B. Azoles

C. Polyenes

Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Terbinafine work?
Definition
Taken orally or topically collects in keratonizes tissue,binds to the enzyme that turns lanosterol into ergosterol stops cell cycle
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Azoles Work?
Definition
Taken oraly or topically, binds to enzymes that change lanosterol into ergosterol stopping cell cycle. DOES NOT COLLECT IN KERATINIZED TISSUE
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug polyenes work?
Definition
it binds to ergosterol and causes a pore in membrane which causes cell lysis
Term
Why can the Anti-fungal drug Polyenes be dangerous?
Definition
it can bind to cholesterol as well causing our cells to die
Term
How can you make polenes safer to use?
Definition
By putting it in a liposome
Term
What are the three types of anti-viral drugs?
Definition
Nucleotide analogs,drugs that block entry into the cell, protease inhibitors
Term
What are the two major pathogens in candida infections?
Definition

Candida Albicans

Candida Glabrata

Term
Where can you get Candida infections?
Definition
Cutaneous,mucosal (yeast infection),oral thrush,and can get systemic
Term
What pathogen causes most yeast infections?
Definition
Candida Albicans
Term
Why are candida infections drug resistant?
Definition
Have many efflux pumps, otc drugs hve created stronger strains
Term
Staphylococcus aures infections
Definition

A.pimples,boils,carbuncles,urinary tract,impentigo,and scaled skin

B.Systemic

C.Bacteremia(in blood)

D.Endocarditis(Heart lining, valves)

E.Pneumonia

F.Osteomyelitis

Term
Streptococcus pyogenes diseases
Definition

A.Pharyngitis(strep throat)

B.Scarlet Fever

C.Pyoderma(puss filled lesions)

D.Erysipeals(in lymph nodes)

E.Necrotizing Fasciits(flesh eating bacteria)

F.Rheumatic fever(autoimmune,attacks heart valves)

G.Glomerulonephritis(type III hyper,kidney damage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

e

Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae disease
Definition

A.leading cause of bacterial pnuemonia

B.Sinusitis(sinus infection with puss)

C.Otitis media(middle ear with puss)

D.Bacteremia(in blood)

E.Endocarditis(heart lining

F.Pnuemococcal meningitis(high rate of death)

Term
Cloristidium perfringens disease
Definition

A.Gas gangrene

B.food poisoning(diarrhea and abdominal pain)

Term
Clostridium tetani disease
Definition
tetanus toxin binds to ihibitory neurotransmitters,muscles cannot relax,lock jaw, you die because your diaphram cannot relax
Term
Clostridium botulinum disease
Definition

A.Food borne ingest toxin, toxin blocks muscle  contraction causes flaccid paralysis,die

B.Infant, spores are ingested bacteria starts to

grow rare cause of sids

Term

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

pathology (primary)

Definition
inhalation(only need 10),Macs in alveoli phagocytize but cannot digest bacilli,bascilli reproduce inside mac and kill it,cell mediated response calls more macs and cycle repeats,forms a tight ball called a tubercle,caseous necrosis in center this becomes a stale mate forms ghon complex(calcium deposit)
Term

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

pathology A.(secondary)B.(dissemated)

Definition

A.Mycobacterium break out of tubercle, infection now reestablished,spreads to other parts of lungs

B.carried to other parts of the body

Term
Corynebacterium diptheriae pathology
Definition
Toxins get into cell by endocytosis,stops ribosome function killing cells
Term
What bacteria gives you really watery sometimes bloody diarreah?
Definition
E.coli
Term
E.coli pathology
Definition
oral fecal route,pili bind to epithelial cells,can produce enterotoxins in the intestines,uti normal flora in wrong place
Term
S.typhimurium pathology
Definition
causes salmonellosis,found on eggs,passes thru stomach attaches to intestines,inserts protein into cell,induces phago by intestinal cells,reproduces in cell and kills it
Term
What bacteria causes green diarrhea than turns mucusy
Definition
Salmonella typhimurium
Term
Shigella pathology
Definition

goes to large intestine attaches to epithelial

cells and induces phag,reproduces in cells,

invades other cells,forms abcess,

does not invade blood

Term

What bacteria causes fibrous diarrhea

with agonizing pain?

Definition
Shigella
Term

Treponema pallidum pallidum

phases

Definition

primary forms a chancre which is small painless

and red,lesions last 3-6 weeks then go away

Secondary rash all over body which does not

itch after several weeks it goes away

Latency no signs or symptoms

Tertiary stage get gummas all over tissues

found on nerve cells and in the brain

Term
Chlamydia Life cycle
Definition

1.Elementary body attaches to host cell,get phag,

now in inclusion body

2.Inside the cell becomes a reticulate body,

reproduce by binary fission

3.Back to elementary bodies,cause cell lysis,

release elementary bodies

Term
Chlamydia D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K disease
Definition
Sexually transmitted,Nongonococcal Urethritis,Asymptomatic in women,opthalmia neonaterum
Term
Vibrio cholera pathology
Definition
Eat contaminated food,toxin gets into cells causing the secretion of electroytes,water follows,causes rice water diarrhea 20-30 times a day,lose 10 -15 liters of water a day,can cause coma and death
Term
What bacteria causes rice water diarrhea?
Definition
Vibrio Cholera
Term
explain dsDNA viral replication
Definition
goes to nucleus,some integrate with cells genome,transcribe RNA using viral DNA,translation takes place and proteins go back to nucleus,the VDNA replicates and joins the proteins for assembly
Term
Explain +ssRNA viral replication
Definition

Goes directly to ribosomes functioning as mrna,

produces proteins, uses vrna polymerase to

change from + to - to produce more +ssrna

Term
What three enzymes do retro viruses come with?
Definition

Reverse transcriptase(transcribe DNA from RNA)

Integrase(puts vgenome into cells genome)

Protease(cleaves RT and integrase)

Term
Explain how a retrovirus reproduces
Definition
RT attaches to the rna and transribes dna,then replicates it,INT puts the DNA into cells genome,the cell transcribes the dna and makes rna,through translation proteins,and the enzymes are produced , this joins some rna left over from transcription and is assembled then protease cleaves RT from INT activating virus
Term
Explain -ssrna viral replication
Definition
comes with vrna polymerase that turns it into +ssrna then goes to ribosomes as mrna
Term
what are the six types of Herpesviridae
Definition

1.herpes simplex 1 and 2

2.Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

3.Epstein bar(mono)

4.Cytomegalovirus

5.HHV8(roseola)

6.HHV8(Koposi sarcoma)

Term
What are the three stages of a HHV-1 and 2 infection?
Definition

1.initial infection-enters through cuts and abrasions,lesions may appear,infected cells fuse with noninfected forming a syncytium

2.Latency stage-goes to nerve cells,carried

to sacral ganglia in genital herpes and

trigeminal ganglia in oral herpes

3.comes out of latency-any kind of stress causes

Term
Epstein-Barr virus disease
Definition

Burkitts lymphoma

Mononucleosis

Term
Epstein-Barr pathology
Definition
gets into blood,invades B cells,B cells become large with multiple nuclei,the T-cells kill the infected b-cells
Term
What does Epstein-Barr virus cause in the immunocompromised?
Definition
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Term
Hepadnavirdae pathology
Definition
hep b, infects liver causes jaundice can cause liver cancer from asymptomatic to chronic infections lasting 20-40 years
Term
What are the two types of HIV
Definition

HIV 1-reproduces faster,found in europe and US

HIV 2-replicates more slowly found in west africa

Term
What type of cells does HIV infect?
Definition

a.T-helper cells

b.Macrophages

c.Microglial

d.smooth muscle

e.Dendritic cells

Term
What are the three stages of developing aids
Definition

A.initial infection-release viruses all over 6months

B.clinical latency-body produces abs,viral levals plummet,tc-cells kill Th cells,patient unaware 5-10 years

C.Development of aids-body cannot keep making

Th cells,Th count falls below 200/ul,immune

system becomes impaired

Term

What is the most important source

of transmission for hiv

Definition

infected cells(wbc)-approximately 5000 infected cells per ml of blood, can be 10000 per ejaculate,can ce

in wbc of vagina

 

Term
Family orthomyxoviridae disease?
Definition
the flu two strains A and B
Term

What is unusual about the

structure of orthomyxoviridae?

Definition
contains 8 -ssrna, also has envelope
Term
what are the two major antigens on orthomyxoviridae? what do they do?
Definition

1.HA-attach to pulmonary cells and cause phag

2.NA-hydrolisis your mucus

Term
Family picornaviridae disease?
Definition

common cold

polio

hepatitis A

Term
Rhinovirus causes what?
Definition
common cold over 100 types
Term
how do you get Enteroviruses-poliomyelitis?
Definition
oral fecal route,from lakes and pools, goes from intestines to brain,
Term
what are the four types of polio?
Definition

1.asymptomatic

2.minor polio(flu like)

3.nonparalytic(muscle spasms and back pain)

4.paralytic (affects motor cortex,causes paralysis)

Term
Hepatovirus disease?
Definition
Hepatitis A found in fecal matter,can survive bleach, does not cause cancer
Term
where is B-cells formed?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
what is type 4 hypersensitivity?
Definition

1.delayed hypersensitivity,allergic

contact dermatitis(poison ivy)

2.graft rejection

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