Term
| The portal vein, containing deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood, enters the liver at ____ L/min. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygenated blood from hepatic a. enters liver at ____ L/min. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the liver like a sponge? |
|
Definition
| full of capillary nets & very porous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial space where lymph is collected |
|
|
Term
| Bile is produced in ______ and exits through the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
macrophages on the walls of the sinusoids
phagocytose foreign toxins |
|
|
Term
Blood returns to IVC at a pressure of less than ____ mmHg.
Why? |
|
Definition
1 mmHg
It must be this low to maintain free flow of blood out of liver. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if pressure increases in the hepatic vein? |
|
Definition
| Blood flow disruption -> hepatomegaly, ascites, jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased hepatic vein pressure causes increased liver capillary hydrostatic pressure, forcing fluid out into peritoneal cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased bilirubin concentration (end product of RBC degradation)
bilirubin can be excreted in urine or incorporated into bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bile movement is blocked, entering blood instead of incorporation into bile.
Cirrhosis, gallstones, cancer, hepatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilirubin production exceeds excretion
malaria, sickle cell, spherocytosis |
|
|
Term
| The liver has insulin-independent GLUT2 transporters (like intestines/brain), allowing for |
|
Definition
| high capacity transport of glucose into cells. |
|
|
Term
What are primary bile acids?
Where are they synthesized?
Where do they travel? |
|
Definition
bile conjugated with taurin/glycine
hepatocytes
through the canaliculi and common bile duct into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of bile secretion. |
|
Definition
chyme enters duodenum
CCK contracts gallbladder
Sphincter of Oddi relaxes
bile secreted
fats emulsified
pancreatic lipase digests into constituents
constituents combine with bile forming a micelle |
|
|
Term
| How does bile act as an osmotic agent? |
|
Definition
pulls water with it when secreted into canaliculi
Na, Cl, HCO3 also come out with the water
buffers the chyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transporters in the terminal ileum bring primary bile back into portal system, recycling it 3-5 times per meal.
still a 10% loss in excrement |
|
|
Term
| State the major functions of the liver. |
|
Definition
Regulation of protein, carb, lipid metabolism
Regulation of cholesterol production & excretion
B-Oxidation of fatty acids
Bile acid production
Degradation of hormones
Detox & excretion of drugs/toxins
Vitamin storage |
|
|
Term
| The portal vein is part of the _____ circulation, which is the vasculature around the intestines, liver and spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ascites different from edema? |
|
Definition
fluid in edema is in interstitial space
in ascites it's in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What happens when carb metabolism is compromised? |
|
Definition
| Liver helps maintain blood glucose levels. They would rise 3x normal if it didn't. You would also run out of energy quickly. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the liver can't metabolize proteins? |
|
Definition
| you die within days from toxicity. it's essential for survival. |
|
|
Term
| Bile acids are formed from a cholesterol backbone. Which liver function is necessary for this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the liver, bile acids can be conjugated with _____ to form primary conjugated bile salts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the composition of a bile solid? |
|
Definition
sterol backbone (from cholesterol)
bile acids (lipophilic)
bile salts (amphipathic emulsifiers)
cholesterol
protein
waste (bilirubin, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What is enterohepatic circulation? |
|
Definition
| importance of the distal ileum in bile recycling |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the major end product of hemoglobin degradation. |
|
Definition
|
|
