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GI Structure and Function
It don't smell like roses, you know.
103
Pathology
Not Applicable
04/08/2012
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Term

All of the following are elements of the alimentary canal except:

1. Mouth,

2. Esophagus,

3. Liver,

4. Anus.

5. All of the above

 Definition
3. The liver is an accessory organ to the digestive system.
Term
Trace a piece of fiber from entry to elimination:
 Definition
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Term
T/F: When referring to the colon, one also speaks of the small intestine
 Definition
F: Large intestine
Term

Which of the following is not a function of the GI system:

1. breakdown of food,

2. propulsion of food,

3. absorption of food,

4. Secretion of mucus,

5. none of the above

 Definition
5. All are functions of the GI system, so "none" are "not functions of GI system."
Term
Two GENERAL mechanisms in the breakdown of food are _______________ and ______________
 Definition
Mechanical and chemical
Term
The GI system secretes elements to aid in digestions. They are (3)
 Definition
Mucus, Water, and enzymes
Term
T/F: Hormones are involved in digestion
 Definition
T.
Term
What is the mesentery and what does it do?
 Definition
It is the peritoneal membrane that suspends the ileum and jejunum in the abdomen. It facilitates intestinal motility and supports blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
Term
T/F: the mouth is where digestion begins
 Definition
T.
Term
T/F: Chemical digestion begins in the mouth
 Definition
T: amylase begins breaking-down carbs.
Term
How many teeth are found in the unadulterated, adult human mouth
 Definition
32
Term
T/F: olfactory nerves are found in the human mouth
 Definition
T.
Term
T/F: Food that has been chewed travels down the throat through the force of retrograde contractions
 Definition
F: peristalsis propels food though the GI system.
Term
Name the GENERAL flavors perceived by the taste buds
 Definition
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter. A 5th, Umami, has been identified, but Dr. Walsh did not include. It is a meaty/brothy or "savory" perception. Google it for more info.
Term

Which of the following is not a type of salivary gland:

1. oropharyngeal,

2. submandibular,

3. sublingual,

4. parotid.

5. They are all salivary glands.

 Definition
1.
Term
T/F: Salivary glands are controlled by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
 Definition
T
Term
Ptyalin is also known as _____________
 Definition
Salivary alpha-amylase
Term

Which is not secreted in saliva?:

1. sodium and chloride,

2. potassium and bicarbonate,

3. amylase and proteinase,

4. amylase and bicarbonate,

5. All are secreted in saliva

 Definition
3. amylase IS secreted in saliva, BUT proteinase is not in saliva
Term
Swallowing is primarily controlled why which brain center?
 Definition
Medulla
Term
T/F: the frontal lobe assists the medulla in swallowing.
 Definition
F: the cerebellum does though
Term
T/F: When "shotgunning" a beer, salivary amylase completely converts maltose to glucose
 Definition
F: salivary amylase has very little time to convert more complex sugars to simple sugars before it is neutralized by stomach acids.
Term
How long is the esophagus?
 Definition
25 cm (about 10" for the metrically challenged.)
Term
It takes _____ seconds for food to pass trough the oropharyngeal "phase," and between _________ seconds for the esophageal phase.
 Definition
1 sec., and 5-10 sec.
Term
Where is the cardiac sphincter?
 Definition
The lower end of the esophagus
Term
T/F: the cardiac sphincter prevents direct blood flow into the GI system under normal conditions
 Definition
F: it is called the cardiac sphincter because it is near the heart, though not related to the heart's function
Term

A chewed mass of food moving to the stomach is called:

1. lump,

2. blob,

3. chyme.

4. bolus,

5. None of the above

 Definition
4.
Term
T/F: the swallowing center and respiratory center work in a coordinated fashion in a healthy person
 Definition
T
Term
T/F: the stomach is without musculature and relies on the diaphragm and abdominal muscles to provide movement
 Definition
F: the stomach has 3 layers of muscles involved in the digestion process.
Term
How many layers of muscle does the stomach have? Name them.
 Definition
3: Longitudinal, circular, oblique.
Term
Which artery supplies blood to the stomach?
 Definition
Celiac
Term
When a bolus of food has been processed by the stomach, it is called ?
 Definition
Chyme
Term
T/F: Once the stomach has processed the food, digestion is complete.
 Definition
F:
Term
In an unaltered human being, food leaves the stomach and enters the __________
 Definition
Duodenum
Term
The three general areas of the stomach are the?
 Definition
Fundus, Body, Antrum
Term
When observing the stomach from an anterior perspective, the __________ curve would be above the ___________ curve in a standing person.
 Definition
Lesser curve, greater curve.
Term
The internal structures that constitute boundaries of the stomach (not the physical walls) are (3)
 Definition
Cardiac orifice and pyloric sphincter. (Dr. Walsh says the pylorus too, though it really is more of an area of the stomach just before the exit sphincter.)
Term
Motilin does what in the GI system?
 Definition
It is an intestinal hormone, that along with gastrin, increases peristaltic contraction by making the threshold potential of muscle fibers less negative. p. 1424
Term
Cholecystokinin does what in the GI system?
 Definition
It inhibits gastric motility and decreases gastric emptying so that fats are not emptied into the duodenum at a rate that exceeds the rate of bile and enzyme secretion.
Term
T/F: gastric emptying is also known as defecation or elimination
 Definition
F: it is the passing of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum. Its rate depends on the volume and content of the chyme.
Term
Chief cells produce __________ while parietal cells produce _____________
 Definition
pepsin/pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Term
T/F: histamine can be produced in the stomach
 Definition
T: by enterochromaffin-like cells.
Term
Somatostatin is produced by _______ cells in the stomach
 Definition
D cells.
Term
Gastric gland, and their constituent cells, are found in _______ _______?
 Definition
Gastric pits.
Term
T/F: the large intestine is 5-6 meters in length.
 Definition
F: it's the small intestine that is 5-6 m in length
Term
The three segments of the small intestine are?
 Definition
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
The small intestine has how many layers of muscle?
 Definition
Two
Term
Mucosal folds in the small intestine are known as __________
 Definition
Plica
Term
Villi and microvilli serve increase _________ ________ of the small intestine and thus increase ___________
 Definition
surface area, absorption
Term
Enzymes from the _________ and __________ aid nutrient absorption after chyme enters the small intestine
 Definition
Small intestine, pancreas
Term
T/F: bile salts are important to digestion. If true why; if false, to what process are they important?
 Definition
T: they help emulsify fat for absorption.
Term
What food element is affected by pepsin?
 Definition
Proteins. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme p. 1426.
Term
Gastric acids primary function is to?
 Definition
dissolve food fibers, act as a bactericide and convert pepsinogen to pepsin.
Term
T/F: The ileogastric reflex causes waves of small intestine motion and is AKA peristalsis
 Definition
F: it inhibits gastric mobility when the ileum is distended.
Term
Where is the lamina propria located?
 Definition
It is a layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelial cells of the villi and contains lymphocytes
Term
T/F: the intestinointestional reflex sounds redundant and/or misspelled
 Definition
T: but it is real and it INHIBITS intestinal motility if the intestine is distended
Term
Which reflex inhibits motility if the intestine is distended?
 Definition
The intestinointestinal reflex
Term
Ileal motility is stimulated by this reflex.
 Definition
Gastroileal reflex
Term

A nurse would plan extra education about colon cancer if a patient advised:

1. I may need a colostomy,

2. the Dr. found a tumor at my hepatic

flexture,

3. my Ileum will need to be removed,

4. colon cancer is no fun.

 Definition
3. The ileum is part of the small intestine.
Term
T/F: The large intestine is so named because it is 15 meters long.
 Definition
F: it is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but is ONLY 1.5 Meters.
Term

Which of the following does not control movement in the colon:

1. peristalsis,

2. anal sphincters,

3. O'Beirne sphincter,

4. Pyloric sphincter,

5. All of the above control movement in the colon

 Definition
4. The pyloric controls movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum
Term
What is the junction from the small to large intestines called?
 Definition
Ileosecal valve
Term
T/F: the appendix is located at the end of the small intestine.
 Definition
F: it is located inferior to the ileosecal valve in the colon
Term
T/F: Uranus is a funny-named astronomical body, but your anus is the end point of the GI
 Definition
T . . . aw, come on, you know it's funny!
Term
An outpouching the in wall of the colon is called a ___________
 Definition
Haustra
Term
The _________ is just below the ileocecal valve and attached to it is the ___________ which occasionally becomes inflamed
 Definition
Cecum, appendix
Term
T/F: the stomach is responsible for the majority of the bodies nutrient absorption
 Definition
F: just breaking down the fibers of the food
Term
T/F: The colon is responsible for the majority of the bodies nutrient absorption
 Definition
F: mostly water and electrolytes.
Term

Which of the following is not absorbed in the duodenum:

1. Iron,

2. Fats,

3. Alcohol,

4. Magnesium,

5. None of the above

 Definition
3. Alcohol, along with water (which is absorbed throughout the GI tract,) is absorbed in the stomach
Term
Where are bile salts reabsorbed?
 Definition
Ileum, along w/ B-12 and chloride
Term
The primary nutrients absorbed by the jejunum are __________ and ___________
 Definition
Sugars and proteins.
Term
T/F: The stomach is a relatively sterile environment because of caustic bile salts
 Definition
F: It is relatively sterile, but that is due to acids.
Term
T/F: Bile salts and antibody production keep the colon free of bacteria.
 Definition
F: minimal bacteria due to bile acid secretion, motility, and antibody production keep the DUODENUM happy.
Term
What percent of fecal flora in the colon are anaerobic (work w/o O2)
 Definition
95%
Term
In relation to the GI system, the liver is considered an ___________ organ
 Definition
Accessory
Term
The liver has _____ lobes.
 Definition
two
Term
Which ligament separates the liver lobes and attaches the organ to the anterior abdominal wall?
 Definition
Falciform
Term
T/F: Liver lobules are composed of hepatocytes which are the functional units of the organ
 Definition
T
Term

Tissue macrophage in the liver are called:

1. Mast cells,

2. monocytes,

3. Disse cells,

4. Kupffer cells

 Definition
4. Kupffer cells
Term

All of the following are elements of the bile conduction system (canaliculi) except:

1. common bile duct,

2. ampulla of Vator,

3. sphincter of oddi,

4. all of the above,

5. none of the above.

 Definition
5. none of the above are false. They all ARE part of the bile conduction system. See slide 19
Term
Disse space does what with intestinal fluid?
 Definition
Drains it to the hepatic lymph system
Term
What is the only organ to receive part of it's blood supply from a vein? What provides the balance of its blood supply?
 Definition
Liver through the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic artery provides the other blood.
Term
T/F: Hepatocytes cannot regenerate once injured.
 Definition
F: They are the functional cells of the liver. These cells are capable of regeneration; therefore, damaged or resected liver tissue can regrow. p. 1438
Term
The liver secretes _______ - ________ ml of bile each day
 Definition
700-1200 ml
Term
T/F: bile assists the stomach by continuing to lower the pH of the GI tract, thus further degrading food matter and destroying pathogens.
 Definition
F: bile is alkaline and would raise the GI tract pH
Term

Which a false statement about bile?

 

1. it is purplish-green, contains salts, cholesterol, bilirubin and electrolytes,

2. it is formed by Kupffer cells,

3. because of its bilirubin content it is rarely recycled,

4. it is required for intestinal emulsification and absorption of proteins.

5. All of the above.

 Definition
5. All of these are false: bile is yellow-green, formed by hepatocytes, emulsifies and aids in the absorption of fat, and its salts are recycled though the enterohepatic circulation process. (see slide 22)
Term
Bilirubin is the product of what biologic process?
 Definition
The senescence and destruction of aged RBCs
Term
T/F: Bile gets its greenish color from chloroplasts.
 Definition
F: It gets its color from the breakdown products of the destroyed RBC
Term
T/F: The hue associated with jaundice is caused by bilirubin
 Definition
T:
Term
Name the three forms of bilirubin and how they react with the body.
 Definition
Unconjugated/Free - lipid soluble; Conjugated - water soluble and secreted in bile; Urobilinogen - conjugated and reaches the ileum and colon where it subsequently is transmogrified by bacteria an excreted (in urine.)
Term
T/F: the union of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct is at the papilla, or darth Vader
 Definition
F: only because of the stupid Star Wars reference. It's really the "ampulla of Vater."
Term
Why is Vit K absorption dependent on bile?
 Definition
Vit K is fat soluble. Bile emulsifies fat and facilitates the fats absorption. p.1441
Term

All of the following are liver function tests except:

 

1. FAVA,

2. AST,

3. ALT,

4. PT/PTT,

5. All of the above.

 Definition
1. FAVA, they're more of a side dish along with a nice Chianti. Other liver tests include Bilirubin metab., Serum proteins and other fun tests. See p. 1446, table 38-6
Term

Liver functions aside from digestions include:

 

1. blood storage & synthesis of clotting factors,

2. metabolism of fat, proteins and Carbs.

3. detoxification of chemicals and mineral storage,

4. all of the above,

5. none of the above.

 Definition
4. all of the above. see slide 25
Term
T/F: the gall bladder is vestigial in the human digestive tract
 Definition
F: it stores and concentrates bile. The vestigial organ of the human GI tract is the appendix.
Term
The gall bladder is controlled by __________ and __________, and it stores about ______ ml. of bile
 Definition
cholecystokinin and motilin, 90 ml.
Term
T/F: The endocrine function of the pancreas involves production of digestive enzymes
 Definition
F: it is the exocrine function that does this
Term
The _________ cells of the pancreas produce digestive enzymes.
 Definition
Acinar
Term
Where does the pancreas' exudate join the common bile duct?
 Definition
Ampulla of Vater
Term
The pancreas is perfused by two arteries, they are the _________ and the ___________
 Definition
Celica, and superior mesenteric
Term
T/F: the alkaline secretion of the pancreas counteract the acidic chyme
 Definition
T. See Slide 28 for more scintillating details on the pancreas.
Term

Proteolytic enzymes excreted by the pancreas include:

1. amylase.

2. procarboxypeptidase,

3. lokinase,

4. sucrase,

5. none of the above.

 Definition
2. Amylase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas, but not a proteinase (proteins,) but one that breaks apart carbs.
Term
T/F: the pancreas excretes enzymes that function only on proteins and lipids as the saliva addresses carbs in the GI system.
 Definition
F: While the saliva does contain amylase to break down carbs, that is rapidly neutralized in the stomach. The pancreas excretes additional alpha amylase to address the carbs that pass through the stomach.
Term
What keeps the pancreas from "digesting" itself with its enzymes?
 Definition
Trypsin inhibitor. This stops the activation of proteolytic enzymes until in the digestive tract.
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