Term
Which esophogeal sphincter is a true sphincter?
What muscles contribute to each? |
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Definition
Upper Esophageal(true): Cricopharyngeus
Upper Esophogeal Circular
Lower Pharyngeal constrictors
Lower Esophogeal: Not a true sphincter(no true musculature) |
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Term
| What are the congenital structural abnormalities of the esophogus |
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Definition
Agenesis
Atresia: non-canalized segment
Tracheoesophogeal fistula: Communicating |
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Term
| What pathological process most common causes esophageal stenosis? |
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Definition
| Mural fibrosis and scarring from chronic irritation or inflammation of the mucosa |
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Term
| What is Plummer Vinson Syndrome and what risk does it carry |
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Definition
Triad: Glossitis/Chelitis,
Dyphagia from esophogeal webs
Iron deficiency Anemia
Risk: Can cause Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Ring at the squamous columnar junction at the lower esophogeal sphincter |
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Term
| What are esophogeal rings and webs |
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Definition
Protrusions in the wall of the esophogus
Rings: Lower
Webs: Upper |
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Term
What is the pathophysiology of Achalasia?
What is a complication?
What are the major causes? |
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Definition
Pathophys:
Aperistalsis
Increased LES resting tone or
LES incomplete relaxation causing stenosis of LES with proximal dialation
Complication:
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Aspiration
Causes
Primary: Idiopathic
Secondary: Chagas, Neuropathy, Infiltrative diseases(Amyloid/Sarcoid) |
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Term
What are the types of hiatal hernias?
Which is more common
Are they symptomatic? |
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Definition
Sliding(95%): Both esophogus and stomach
Paraesophogeal: Stomach not esophogus
Only 8% are symptomatic |
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Term
What are the types of esophogeal diverticuli?
How are they caused?
Which is the most common? |
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Definition
Zenker: Above UES, caused by UES dysfunction, Most common
Traction: Mid esophogeal, usually from cancer
Epiphrenic Diverticulum: Above LES, caused by LES dysfunction |
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Term
What is Mallory Weiss Syndrome?
What patients is it most likely to be seen in? |
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Definition
Longitudinal linear tear of lower esophogus/ stomach from vomiting and regurgitation
Most common in alcoholics |
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Term
| What is Boerhaave Syndrome |
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Definition
| Esophogeal rupture due to vomiting |
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Term
What are the most common causes of esophogeal varices?
What is the prognosis? |
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Definition
Portal HPTN
Schistosomiasis
Prognosis: Bad bc they are silent until they start bleeding
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Term
| What are the common causes of GERD |
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Definition
Defective LES
Esophogeal Clearing Defects
Hiatal Hernia
Gastric Factors |
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Term
| What cell is most commonly seen in the epithelium of the esophogus of patients with gerd or esophogeal motor problems |
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Definition
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Term
What is the histology of barrett's esophogus and What is the risk?
What stain can be used?
What is the best pronostic indicator? |
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Definition
Colomnar epithelium in the esophogus containing alcian blue staining goblet cells
Risk: adenocarcinoma
Indicator: Presence Dysplasia |
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Term
What is the most common esophogeal cancer in the US?
World Wide? |
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Definition
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
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Term
Use of which substances carry a great risk for esophogeal squamous cells carcinoma?
Who is most likely to get it?
What is the prognosis? |
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Definition
Substances
Alcohol
Tobacco
Fungus or Nitrosamine Food products
Betal Nuts
Who
Older Black males with nutritional deficiencies
Prognosis: Terrible, mets before diagnosis |
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Term
| Where in the esophagus are adenocarcinomas typically found |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a in-utero complication of esophogeal atresia |
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Definition
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Term
| What pathology does Chagas disease cause in the esophagus |
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Definition
| Achalasia from myenteric plexus destruction-> Mega Esophagus |
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Term
| What is the main symptom of a zenker diverticum? |
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Definition
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