Term
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Definition
| Partially digested food from stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds of the intestinal mucosal, divided further into microvilli. Each is supplied by an arteriole, capillary, venule and lymphatic cell. |
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Definition
| Small intestine empties into the large intestine through this. Normally contracted but increased fluid content, pressure or chemical irritation of the ileum promotes relaxation. |
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Definition
| Secretes various enzymes that aid in intestinal digestion, including HC03- which neutralizes the acidic content of chyme entering the small intestine. Releases directly into the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes bile which aids for fat digestion and nutrient absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
Stores bile during the interdigestive period. Empties contents into the duodenum during digestion. CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells specialized in different parts of the GI tract for secretion or reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction causes a change in the surface area for secretion or absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction causes a decrease in diameter of the lumen of the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction causes shortening of a segment of the GI tract. |
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Term
| Submucosal Plexus (Meisser's plexus) and Myenteric Plexus |
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Definition
| Integrates and coordinates the motility and endocrine functions of the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
Typical movement of food away from the mouth through the GI tract. Circular layer of muscle contracted behind the bolus of food, then the "ring" is pushed forward by longitudinal muscles. Occurs in esophagus, distal stomach, small and large intestines |
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Term
| Segmentation (Mixing) Movement |
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Definition
| Rythmic contractions of circular muscle layer that serve to mix and divide the intestinal contents. Occurs in small and large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustained contraction for blocking passages, compartmentation, and pressure maintenance. Occurs in sphincters and proximal stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promote one-way movement of luminal contents. Contracted circular muscle that relax in response to nerve or hormonal stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks food into small pieces MIxes food with salivary gland secretions Contact with taste buds initiate gastric secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Located near the angle of the jaw, largest glands. Secrete watery fluid (serous) |
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Term
| Submandibular and Sublingual Glands |
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Definition
| Secrete a fluid that contains higher concentration of protein and is more viscous |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous secretions enriched in alpha-amylase and mucous secretions enriched in mucin. Prevents dehydratoin of th eoral mucosa and provide lubrication for chewing and swelling of digested food. Begins processing of starch and fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes starch (found in saliva) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular mucus lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach. Passageway for food. |
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Term
| Gastric Reflux (heartburn) |
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Definition
| Tone of lower esophageal sphincter is decreased and gastric content reflux into the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs if lower esophageal sphincter does not relax during swallowing and food accumulates in the esophagus and food isn't able to enter stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the stomach that respond to nervous control. Muscle layers are thick and the strength of contraction is greater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Section of stomach with slow tonic contractions and high distensibility. Reservoir for stomach ingested food. No slow waves seen here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Section of stomach with slow waves and peristalic phasic contractions that sweep toward the pylorus. Distensibility here is low. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow opening at the bottom of the stomach leading towards the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process where food not small enough to fit through the Pylorus is propelled backward for further mixing and grinding. |
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Term
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Definition
| released from epithelium of duodenum. Stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter, slowing gastric emptying allowing more time for fat to mix with pancreatic liipase and bile salts in the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
Gastric acid secretion initiated by the thought, sight, taste, or smell of food. Dependent on the integrity of the vagal fibers innervating the stomach. Contributes 50% of gastric secretion. Pancreatic Secretion initiated by the same. 20% of pancreatic response. |
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Term
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Definition
Gastric Acid secretion initiated by the entry of food into the stomach. Food entering the stomach raises pH causing release of acid to lower pH. Low pH inhibits gastrin secretion. Pancreatic Secretion initiated by the same. Enzyme output increased more than HCO3- secretion. 5-10% of pancreatic secretion. |
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Term
| Intestinal Phase Secretion |
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Definition
| Gastric Acid secretion begins when chyme empties from the stomach into the duodenum. Overal, very little secretion happens. |
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Term
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Definition
Created by H+ and pepsin injuring the gastric mucosa when the normal protective barrier of the stomach is damaged. |
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Term
| Helicbacter Pylori Infection |
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Definition
| Major cause of gastric ulcers. H. pylori converts urea to NH4+, which damages the gastric mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created due to higher than normal H+ secretion, gastrin levels, or parietal cell mass inreased |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains water, bicarbonate, and three main enzymes: Amylase, Trypsin, and Lipase |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme contained in Pancreatic Juice that digests starch |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme contained by pancreatic juice that digests proetin |
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Term
| Enterohepatic Circulation |
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Definition
| Recirculation of bile salts from the liver to the small intestine and back again. Necessary because of the limited pool of bile salts available. 90-95% of bile salts enter the small intestine actively reabsorped. Remaining excreted in feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clumps of material, mostly (85%) cholesteral that form in the gallbladder. Formed when cholesterol concentration in bile becomes excessive causing crystallization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the gallbladder. Bile empties slowly but continually into the intestine. High fat meals need to be avoided, but otherwise normal digestion of fat is possible. |
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Term
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Definition
Enhances efficiency of water and electrolyte absorption Stores colonic content Promotes excretion of fecal material remaining in the colon regularly and voluntarily. |
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