Term
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Definition
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Low birth weight: LBW<2,500 g
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SGA: small for gestational age
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IUGR: born term (>37 wk) & LBW (<2,500 g)
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Term
| anthropometry: infants and children |
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Definition
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Underweight → WAZ < -2
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Stunted → HAZ < -2
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Severely wasted → WHZ < -3
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Circumferences – head, MUAC, calf
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Limb fat and muscle area
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Term
| Difference between protein energy malnutrition and protein malnutrition? |
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Definition
- protein energy malnutrition- marasmus
- protein malnutrition- kwashikor
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Term
| relationship between undernourishment and disease |
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Definition
- undernourishment depresses the immune system leading to disease
- your body needs to use energy to fight disease, so you get more malnourished
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Term
| Majority of underweight children in the world come from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trend of underweight children in Africa. Location within the continent |
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Definition
- unlike the rest of the world, underweight children are increasing in Africa
- half of the underweight children in Africa live in 22% of its georgraphic area (less than 10% of the sub-national administrative units)
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Term
| Factors affecting dietary intake |
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Definition
- availability (adequacy of supplies)
- access (everyone can afford the available food or produce it themselves)
- utilization
- proper processing and storage
- adequate knowledge of nutrition and childcare
- adequate health and sanitation services
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Term
| recommendations for breast feeding |
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Definition
- exclusive breast feeding for six months
- continued breast feeding through 24 months
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Term
| public health impact of sub-optimal breast feeding |
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Definition
- 12% (1.4 millikon) of <5 yrs old deaths
- 10% (43.5 million) of <5 yrs old DALY
- 3% of global DALY's
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Term
| public health problems caused by iron deficiency in mothers and kids |
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Definition
- kills 100,000 mothers a year during childbirth
- imparis mental development and learning capacity in childhood and adolescence
- limits capacity to perform physical labor
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Term
| vitamin A: function in body, public health effects of deficiency |
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Definition
- function- reduce diarrhea severity (not incidence)
- public health efffects
- 6% of <5 yrs deaths
- 5% of <5 yr DALY's
- 1.7% of total DALY's
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Term
| Zinc: function in body, effects if deficient |
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Definition
- function- combat infectious diseases
- >20% prevalance of stunting
- public health burden
- 4% of <5 yrs old deaths and DALYS
- 1% of worlds total DALYs
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Term
| Effect of chronic iodine deficiency on intelligence |
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Definition
| metaanalysis shows reduction of 13.5 IQ points with chronic iodine deficiency |
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Term
| Role of malnutrition in HIV/AIDS |
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Definition
- poor nutrition accelerates spread of virus
- HIV infection can lead to malnutrition, hastening onset of AIDS
- impairment of immune system leads to infections, further worsening malnutrition
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Term
| Intergenerational effects on dietary intake |
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Definition
| malnourished moms = adults with cronic disease (fetal origins of disease = Baker's hypothesis) |
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Term
| bad diet role in chronic disease |
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Definition
- DM with high glycemic foods
- CV disease with trans FA's
- cancer and heterocyclic amines
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Term
| reasons for calories in not equaling calories out |
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Definition
- sedentary lifestyle
- diet high in calories
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Term
| components of rise in chronic disease |
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Definition
- demographic transition
- epidemiologic transition
- nutrition transition
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Term
| define demographic transition |
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Definition
| initial and abrupt acceleration of population growth is replaced by its rapid deceleration with a subsequent stabilization of a population and a sharp change in age structure |
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Term
| process of demographic transition |
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Definition
- start with high fertility leading to
- reduced mortality/changing age structure
- focus on family planning infectious disease control
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reduce fertility, aging
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Term
| stages of demographic transition |
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Definition
- stage 1: high fertility
- stage 2: decreased death rates
- agriculture revolution in 18th centrury, leading to fewere food shortages
- improvements in public health
- increase understandin of disease
- female literacy allied with public health education
- stage 3: decrease birth rate
- increased urbanization- raised cost dependent children; decrease livin space
- increased female employment
- improvements in contraceptive technology
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Term
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Definition
- age of pestilence- high mortality rates; little population growth and life expectancy
- age of recedin pandemics- less frequent epidemics and ID's
- age of manmade degenerative disease
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Term
| process of epidemiologic transition |
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Definition
- high prevalence of ID's
- focus on family planning, control ID's
- focus on famine alleviation
- receding pestilence
- urbanization and industrial life style
- both lead to poor environmental conditions and chronic diseases predominate
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Term
| reasons for epidemiologic transition |
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Definition
- outcomes of demographic transition
- improvements in public health strategies
- improvements in disease conrol for infectious diseases
- increased urbanization
- sedentary lifestyle
- changes in dietary patterns
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Term
| definition: nutrition transition |
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Definition
- increase in diet high in total fat, cholesterol, sugar, and other refined carbs
- decrease in diet rich in polyunsaturated FA's and fiber
- increasingly sedentary lifestyles
- increased prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases
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Term
| prevalance of obesity in developed and developing nations and its relation to SES |
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Definition
- developed nations- low SES = greater obesity
- developing nations- high SES = greater obesity
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Term
| nutrition transition: process |
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Definition
- starts with high prevalence of undernutrition
- focus on famine alleviation and prevention leading to receding famine
- urbanization, economic growth, technology changes, work/leisure changes, food processing
- leads to diet related noncommunicable diseases
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Term
| Factors of chronic disease related to SES |
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Definition
- cancer risk factors highest in groups with least education
- patients with lower SES: poorer survival rates
- lung CA and cancers of the colon and rectum, breast, prostate increase with economic development
- stomach cancer decrease with economic development
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Term
| public health assessment of malnourishment |
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Definition
- investing in nutrition is cost effective, but underfunded
- economic growth alone does not solve malnutrition
- malnutrition remains the single largest cause of child mortality
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Term
| relation between maternal weight and child weight |
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Definition
| increase in maternal overweight prevalance leads to increase child overweight |
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Term
| Ways to tackle undernourishment and nutrient deficiencies |
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Definition
Salt iodization
Vitamin and mineral supplements
–Integrate into maternal and child health efforts
Food fortification
Biofortification
–Conventional breeding
–Transgenic crops
Nutrition education and promoting balanced diets |
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Term
| policy implications for nutrition |
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Definition
- involve government and local communities
- planned urbanization
- nutrition and health education outreach
- programs in schools, workplace, and communities
- banning advertisements to children
- school lunch programs and vending machines
- involve food industry and consumer associations
- voluntary improvement of food products (ex: trans FA's, increased fiber
- advertisement of products as "healthy"
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