-The avenue runs East-West and is separated by a pedestrian walkway which is lined by linden trees.

-A line of linden trees was planted in 1647 as commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm, seeking to beautify the path that he would take from his castle to the Tiergarten where he would hunt.

-Many of the trees were damaged and burned during World War II, but were replanted in the 1950's.

-It lies between Strasse des 17. Juni and Unter Den Linden, in Pariser Platz.

-The gate is the only remaining town gate of the City of Berlin.

-It was constructed between 1788 and 1791, based on a design by Karl Gotthard Langhans, who was the Court Superintendent of Buildings.

-On top of the gate -- which marked the border of Berlin towards Brandenburg -- a four horse chariot (quadriga) was placed. The quadriga did not last long, however, as when the French invaded the city in 1806, Napoleon ordered the statue to be brought to Paris. In 1814, however, the statue was returned to the top of the Brandenburg gate, and an eagle -- the symbol of Prussia -- was added.

-Following World War II, in which the gate was badly damaged, it again became a type of city gate, as it separated the British and Soviet sectors of the city.

-However, when the Berlin Wall was built, the gate lay in "no man's land," rendered useless by the new barrier.

-In November, 1989, however, as the Berlin wall fell, East and West Berliners flocked to the gate in celebration

Reichstag

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-the home of the German Parliament.

-In 1872, a contest was held, with 103 entries for building the new home to the German government, but because of disagreements among Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, and members of Parliament, no construction began until a new contest was held in 1882. On June 9, 1884, Wilhelm I laid down the first stone in the foundation for the building designed by Paul Wallot, and it opened officially 10 years later in 1894. In 1916, the famous words "Dem Deutschen Volke" ("The German People," in English) were inscribed above the main facade of the building.

-It held the Reichstag government through World War I, and continued to be the home of the Parliament during the Weimar Republic, again using the name Reichstag.

-Soon after January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to power, the Reichstag building was set on fire. The Nazi's then used the burning of the Reichstag as a basis for curtailing many human rights, as constituted in the Reichstag Fire Decree. The Reichstag was not used for government functions during the Nazi rule.

-The building was further damaged during air raids in World War II, and was eventually conquered by the Soviets, as they hung a Soviet flag from the top and sprayed graffiti (some of which is still visible today).

-During the Cold War, the damaged building was left unused; it lay within West Berlin, making it off limits to the East German government, yet the capital of West Berlin was relocated to Bonn.

-Following reunification, it was decided on June 20, 1991 that the capital of Germany should be moved back from Bonn to Berlin, and Norman Foster won a contest to reconstruct the building. Before Foster went to work -- notably adding a dome which visitors can climb and peer down into the chambers (symbolizing both transparency of government, as well as a government for the people), artist Christo wrapped the Reichstag, drawing much attention to the building. Construction was completed in 1999, and the parliament again returned to the Reichstag in April of that year.

[image] - a square on Museum Island. It is the former home to the Stadtschloss (city palace) where the Kings of Prussia and German Emperors lived from 1701-1871. 

- The Palace, which resided in East-Berlin was destroyed by the East German government in 1950 as they considered it a symbol of "Prussian imperialism."

-In its place, the copper-windowed Palast der Republik (Palace of the Republic) was built, featuring the Volksammer (paliament) as well as a bowling alley, art galleries restaurants and auditoriums.

-area renamed by the East German government, calling it "Marx-Engels Platz" after the Socialist thinkers.

-The name Schlossplatz was once again given to the square in 1994, following the reunification of Germany, and the Palast der Republik was subsequently torn down in 2003 following asbestos contamination.

-was built in 1816 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and was built as a guard house for troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia.

-served its purpose until the end of World War I.

-In 1931, the Prussian government commissioned Heinrich Tessenow to redesign the building as a memorial to those that died in the War. He added a skylight, and the building then became known as the "Memorial for the Fallen of the War."

-The building was heavily damaged during World War II, and following the division of Berlin, it fell into the Soviet occupation zone.

-In 1960, the memorial was reopened, and this time named the "Memorial to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism," and an eternal flame and the remains of an unknown World War II victim were added. -Following reunification, the Memorial was once again rededicated as the "Central Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Victims of War and Tyranny," in 1993.

-The eternal flame and remains were removed, and replaced with a sculpture by Käthe Kollwitz entitled "Mother with her Dead Son."

Altes Museum

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Tresor

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Gendanmarkt

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-a square in Berlin, which gets its name from Gens d'Armes, who had stables in the location from 1736-1773.

-In 1777, Georg Christian Unger led development plans to turn the area into a public plaza. The square is surrounded by three important buildings: the Franzoischer Dom (French Cathedral), the Deutscher Dom (German Cathedral) , and the Konzerthaus (Concert Hall). The German and French Cathedrals are nearly identical structures, with the German one being the southern building.

-The French Cathedral -- the original of the two -- was built by the Huguenot community, seeking religious freedom in Berlin. The cathedral was modeled after the Huguenot Church in Charenton, France.

-The German Cathedral was constructed a few years later by Martin Grunberg, and was later modified in 1785, adding the dome, which matched the French Cathedral.

-The German Cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1945; it was rebuilt in 1993, and in 1996 opened in its current form: a museum of German history.

-The third building, the Concert Hall, was built in 1821, designed by Friedrich Schinkel, on the spot where National Theater stood before burning in 1817. 

- damaged in WWII

-Today, houses the Berlin Symphony Orchestra. In the middle of Gendarmenmarkt is a statue of Friedrich Schiller, a prominent German poet.

Friedrichstrasse

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-located in the Mitte district of Berlin, near the city center, and services both S-Bahn and U=Bahn trains.

-During the Cold War, when Berlin was divided into East and West, this trainstation served as one of the few transfer points between the two sides. Though the station was located in East Berlin, two intersecting West Berlin S-bahn lines, as well as the U6 line stopped here. At the station, West Berlin passengers could stop and change tracks, though only on the West Berlin lines. The station was heavily guarded and sealed off, and there was no transfer between the two sides without appropriate paperwork.

-This station was unique from many others during the Cold War, as other stations serving lines from one side of Berlin, but isolated in another, would just be passed through, garnering the nickname "Geisterbahnhöfe," or ghost stations.

Potsdamerplatz

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-first traffic lights

-getting its name from the nearby city of Potsdam, the road to which originally ran through a gate in the square.

-In 1823, Karl Schinkel built a new design, including Doric-style gate houses, a customs house, and a military guard house.

-In 1866, as Berlin grew, all but two of the original gates of the city -- Brandenburg and Potsdamer -- were torn down.

-In 1838, the Potsdamer Bahnhof (trainstation) was built, as a railway now connected Berlin and Potsdam. Potsdamer Platz's popularity soared in the 1920's and 1930's, as it became a center for nightlife, as well as a major traffic center, connecting five of Berlin's busiest streets.

-A luxurious department store, and the world's largest restaurant (seating 2,500) were major sites in Potsdamer Platz.

-Potsdamer Platz grew so rapidly that Europe's first electrical street lights were installed there on October 20, 1924. Potsdamer Platz, like much of Berlin, was virtually destroyed during World War II. -Potsdamer Platz was further changed when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, dividing what was left of Potsdamer Platz in two. The S-Bahn station at Potsdamer Platz became what was known as a "ghost station" as it was on a line connecting West Berlin despite being in East Berlin; as a result, trains simply ran through the Potsdamer Platz station without stopping, passing by an empty station except for East German guards.

-Following the fall of the Berlin wall, renovation efforts focused on Potsdamer Platz, and it became the largest construction site in Europe. It was rebuilt, with the help of many famous architects and urban planners, into a cutting-edge mixed-use space.

-It now features major buildings such as the Daimler Chrysler Building (designed by Renzo Piano), Potsdamer Platz No. 1 (home to many businesses and law firms), and the Sony Center (made of glass and steel and with decorative lights).

Anhalter Bahnhof

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-trainstation stood for about 100 years, and though it no longer exists in its previous state, part of the facade still stands today.

-The railway terminus was constructed in 1839, and officially opened on July 1, 1841 for service. Because the original lines for the track passed through the county of Anhalt, the station took on a derivative name.

-Architect Franz Heinrich Schwechten redesigned the station in 1872, making it the largest in both Germany and continental Europe.

-On June 15, 1880 the new station opened with Kaiser Wilhelm I, and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in attendance. Newly redesigned and much larger, the station became Berlin's "gateway to the south" connecting the city to Vienna and Prague, as well as locations in Italy and Greece.

-By 1930, trains carried an average of 44,000 people per day, with trains leaving every 3 to 5 minutes.

-like much of the city, suffered major destruction as a result of World War II. A bombing raid on November 23, 1943 seriously damaged the station, and subsequent attacks in February of 1945 left the structure with a damaged roof, unsafe platforms, and no trains able to run.

-Repairs allowed the station to again run trains, mostly receiving trains from Soviet-controlled East Germany, despite being situated in West Berlin. Finally fed up with the situation, East German leaders redirected such trains to "Ostbahnhof" in East Berlin on May 17, 1952, ending all service to the Bahnhof.

In 1960, the terminus was finally demolished, suffering from rusted tracks and damaged supports. Today, though just part of the facade still stands, and an S-Bahn line still has a stop here.

Alexanderplatz

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-grown from a cattle market in the 19th century to a major commercial and transportation hub for Berlin today.

In 1805, the area acquired the name in honor of a visit by Czar Alexander I of Russia.

-1880s marked the beginning of a period of rapid industrialization for. Within the decade, an S-Bahn station, the Grand Hotel, the Police Headquarters, the Berolina statue and the Central Market Hall were built at this site.

The rapid pace of construction and modernization continued at  until World War II. By the Weimar Period,  was densely populated with hotels, cafés, movie theaters, restaurants and three department stores. As the public transportation options improved through the addition of three subway lines, it  became a more and more desirable location for commercial enterprises and consequently a bustling hub. The frenetic pace of the square in the 1920s is captured most notably in Walter Ruttmann’s film Berlin, Symphonie einer Großstadt and Alfred Döblin’s novel. As a result of the increasing traffic, architect Peter Behrens was awarded a contract in 1929 by the city of Berlin to redesign it in an effort to streamline the multiple transportation options. Although Behrens' plan was never fully realized, he oversaw the construction of a U-shaped traffic island and two eight-story buildings (Berolinahaus and Alexanderhaus), which required the demolition of the Königstor Theater and the Haus zum Hirschen and the removal of the Berolina statue.

During World War II,  was nearly completely destroyed due to the Allied Forces bombing campaign. After the political division of the city in 1948, the responsibility for rebuilding the square fell to the East German government. In the original construction plans, Alexanderplatz was to follow the highly ornamental design principles used in the planning of Stalin-Allee (now Karl-Marx-Allee), which began construction in 1951. The building of Stalin-Allee, however, exceeded the expected costs by fifty percent.

The major rebuilding of plaza occurred in the 1960s, which involved its expansion from 18,000 at the end of the war to 80,000 square meters. During the decade, buildings, such as the 12-storey Haus des Lehrers, the 39-storey Interhotel (now Park Inn), and the 10-storey Haus der Elektrotechnik were built to dimensions that towered over the square. Between 1965-1969, the Fernsehturm (television tower) was constructed according to designs by Fritz Dieter and Günter Franke. Originally planned for Friedrichshain, it was ultimately built on Alexanderplatz as a political statement. The government expressed the desire that the tower should be visible throughout the city and thus chose the more central location. At the end of the decade, decorative elements such as the Fountain of International Friendship and the Urania World Clock were installed.

Following reunification, the German government felt that it should be redesigned to encourage the confluence of the east and west sides of the city. In 1993, a competition was held to gather potential plans.

Romanisches Cafe

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-was located in the Charlottenburg district, and is famous for being a meeting spot for artists, writers, and intellectuals. 

-Writers, poets, painters, journalists, directors and critics all met here and mingled; emerging artists saw the cafe as a place to network with existing artists.

The Nazi Party saw intellectuals and artists as a threat to their regime, and as a result targeted such people resulting in the death of the existing scene at the cafe. The cafe itself, already without the artists and writers for more than a decade, was officially destroyed in 1943. Among the notable people that spent time at the cafe were: Bertolt Brecht, Erich Maria Remarque, and Ernst Toller.

The Institute was a non-profit foundation situated in Berlin's Tiergarten. It was headed by Magnus Hirschfeld, a doctor of Jewish ancestry. Since 1897 he had run the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee ("Scientific-Humanitarian Committee"), which campaigned on conservative and rational grounds for gay rights and tolerance. The Committee published the long-running journal Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Hirschfeld was also a researcher; he collected questionnaires from 10,000 people, informing his book Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes ("The Homosexuality of Man and Woman", 1914). He built a unique library on same-sex love and eroticism.^[1]

After the Nazis gained control of Germany in the 1930s, the institute and its libraries were destroyed as part of a government censorship program.

Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church

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-was commissioned by Wilhelm II, as a church to honor his grandfather, Wilhelm I.

-The church took 4 years to construct, between 1891 and 1895, and was designed by Franz Schwechten. Inside, the church truly was a monument for Wilhelm I; mosaics inside depicted the Emperor's life and contributions.

Like much of Berlin, the building was virtually destroyed in 1943 as a result of a British bombing raid. Rather than try to rebuild the destroyed church, a new one instead was built right next to the ruins of the old one. The new church took 10 years to build, from 1951 to 1961, and officially opened on May 25, 1962.

The church features symbols highlighting the reconciliation of the once warring countries; a cross made of nails from a destroyed British church, and the "Stalingrad Madonna" created in Russia are featured prominently.

New Synagogue

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The Neue Synagoge (Eng. "New Synagogue") was built 1859-1866 as the main synagogue of the Berlin Jewish community, on Oranienburger Straße. Because of its splendid eastern moorish style and resemblance to the Alhambra, it is an important architectural monument of the second half of the 19th Century in Berlin.

The original building was designed by Eduard Knoblauch. Following Knoblauch's succumbing to illness, Friedrich August Stüler took responsibility for the majority of its construction as well as for its interior arrangement and design. It was inaugurated in the presence of Chancellor Count Otto von Bismarck in 1866 .

-Set ablazed in kristalnacht and then stopped

Sportpalast

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was a concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945.

-part of the town of Oranienburg.

-From 1936 to 1945 it was run by the National Socialist regime in Germany as a camp for mainly political prisoners;

-from 1945 to spring of 1950 it was run by the Stalinist Soviet occupying forces as "Special Camp No. 7" for mainly political prisoners.

Topography of Terror

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-an outdoor museum located on the site of the former headquarters of the Gestapo (Nazi secret police).

-The buildings were largely destroyed during World War II as the result of bombing, and the Berlin Wall ran right next to the current day museum.

-The first exhibition took place in 1987, in commemoration of Berlin's 750's birthday. The basement of the building -- where political prisoners were tortured and executed -- was excavated, and now is the site of the museum, covered from the elements by a canopy. According to the director of the museum, Andras Nachama, the museum's purpose is to "deal with the question of how in 150 days, from January to June 1933, a democracy was turned into a totalitarian dictatorship that was able in that short time to subordinate all of the institutions of the state to its purpose."

-airport

-used as landing strip for fighter jets in WWII

-Soviets took control of it after battle of berlin

-Used for Berlin Airlift

Luftbrucke Memorial

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-Gateway to East and West

was the name given by the Western Allies to a crossing point between East Berlin and West BerlinCold War, located at the junction of Friedrichstraße with Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße (which coincidentally means 'Wall Street'). It is in the Friedrichstadt neighborhood, which was divided by the Berlin Wall. Many other sector crossing points existed in Berlin. Some of these were designated for residents of West Berlin and West German citizens. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single crossing point (by foot or by car) for foreigners and members of the Allied forces. (Members of the Allied forces were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, the Friedrichstraße railway station.) The name Charlie came for the letter C in the NATO phonetic alphabet

Friedrichstrasse Bhf

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-dedicated to stalin

- monumental socialist boulevard built by the young GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin FriedrichshainMitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. and

-It was designed by the architects Hermann Henselmann, Hartmann, Hopp, Leucht, Paulick and Souradny to contain spacious and luxurious apartments for plain workers, as well as shops, restaurants, cafés, a tourist hotel and an enormous cinema (the International).

-Most of the buildings are covered by architectural ceramics. Landmarks of the Karl-Marx-Allee are the two domed towers on Frankfurter Tor.

The wall separated East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from the day construction began on August 13, 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989. During this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin, according to official figures.^[1] However, a prominent victims' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from East to West Berlin.^[2] The GDR/East German government gave shooting orders to border guards dealing with defectors; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which GDR officials have denied exist.^[3]

When the East German government announced on November 9, 1989, after several weeks of civil unrest, that visits in West Germany and West Berlin would be permitted, crowds of East Germans climbed onto and crossed the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it.

The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990.

-13 feet high 240 watch towers

Palace of the Republic

-was a building in Berlin, on the bank of the River Spree between Schloßplatz and the Lustgarten (both referred to jointly as Marx-Engels-Platz from 1951 to 1994). It served primarily as the seat of the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, but it also housed two large auditoriums, art galleries, restaurants and a bowling alley.

-demolished because of asbestos contamination

-built on site of Berlin city Palace

It was the site of the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace). From 1949 to 1990 it was part of East Berlin, the capital of East Germany. In 1950, the remains of the city palace were blown up, and in 1951 the square was renamed Marx-Engels-PlatzKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels. New buildings erected included the Palast der Republik, the Council of State building, and the Foreign Ministry building. The Council of State building contains a balcony from the former city palace, where Karl Liebknecht proclaimed a socialist republic on November 9, 1918. (Marx-Engels Square) after

Grunewald memorial

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Wittenburg memorial

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The director of the museum is Professor W. Michael Blumenthal, who is originally from Berlin and was US Secretary of the Treasury under President Jimmy Carter.

Karl Schinkel

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-oversaw the Prussian Building Commission.
 -was charged with creating a city fit for the Prussian Empire.

-followed a neoclassical style for many of his buildings, many of which still stand in Berlin today. -most notable buildings include the Neue Wache, Gendarmenmarkt, Altes Museum, and the Schauspielhaus.
-there are many sketches of his that were never turned into actual

was an African-American dancer and entertainer appreciated by many in Berlin, but also subject to racism and cultural criticism.

She dropped out of school at the age of 12, and by age 13 had started her career as a dancer. She moved to New York, during the Harlem Renaissance, where she became a well known chorus-line dancer. In 1925 she began performing in Paris where she drew rave reviews, including from Ernest Hemingway, who described her as "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw." While in Europe, she began to develop her abilities beyond dancing, to include singing and acting as well.

She gained so much fame and admiration in Europe that even the Nazis -- when they came to power -- did not want to cause her harm. Taking advantage of this, she managed to smuggle intelligence out of Germany coded in her sheet music.

Baker played a role in the American Civil Rights movement, and indeed made her own statement by adopting twelve orphans of varying races, whom she named her "rainbow tribe."

On April 10, 1975, the day after she starred in a revue in Paris which celebrated her life and career, Baker was found lying in a coma in her bed, surrounded by positive reviews of her show the night before.

openess of europeans to mixing.

 was a German theatrical director and producer who, with Bertolt Brecht, was the foremost exponent of epic theater, a genre that emphasizes the sociopolitical context rather than the emotional content or aesthetics of the play.^[1]

In 1919, under the more liberal atmosphere of the newly founded Weimar Republic, Hirschfeld was given a former royal palace for his new Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Research) in Berlin. His Institute housed his immense library on sex and provided educational services and medical consultations. People from around Europe visited the Institute to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality.

-was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in Nazi GermanyAdolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers. Goebbels was known for his zealous, energetic oratory, and virulent anti-Semitism. from 1933 to 1945. He was one of German dictator

-After the Nazis gained power in 1933, he was appointed propaganda minister. One of his first acts was to order the burning of books by Jewish or anti-Nazi authors at Bebelplatz and he proceeded to gain full control of every outlet of information in Germany. Following his appointment, his attacks on German Jews became ever fiercer and culminated in the Kristallnacht in 1938, the first open and unrestrained pogrom unleashed by the Nazis.

Hegel discussed a relation between nature and freedom, immanence and transcendence, and the unification of these dualities without eliminating either pole or reducing it to the other. His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history.

German idealism

was a military and political leader of France in the early 19th century.

-born to a relatively affluent family, and graduated from the prestigious École Royale Militaire in Paris.

-in 1785, he became a second lieutenant at the age of 16. He continued to rise in stature in the army, helping to lead the invasion of Italy in 1796.

-in Egypt, battling with the Ottoman Empire to protect French trade interests, when he came back to France upon the request of influential people seeking a coup d'etat to overthrow the current government.

- after throwing out govt. played a key role in writing the new constitution, and then maneuvered himself to be First Consul, making him the most powerful person in France.

-Continuing to serve as military leader as well, Napoleon led other battles, including defeating the Prussian army; to symbolize this victory, his troops took the Quadriga which sat atop the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin as a demonstration of France's success.

Following a failed invasion of Russia, support for Napoleon began to wane, and eventually he was sent into exile in Elba -- an island off the coast of Italy -- before being imprisoned and sent to the British island Saint Helena.

It is still unclear what the cause of his death was in 1821, with popular theories being either stomach cancer or arsenic poisoning.

Humboldt

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-(1767-1835) was a German philosopher, linguist and diplomat, and is widely credited with creating the Prussian educational system which was used as a model for the current day American and Japanese education, among others.

-As a philosopher, he defended strongly the liberties of the Enlightenment.

-As a linguist, he studied the Basque language, and is credited with being the first European to understand that language was driven by a rule-governed system, rather than just a collection of words.

-As a diplomat, he was an ambassador from Prussia who negotiated peace accords following the Napoleonic Wars.
-Humboldt University

His photomontages satirising Adolf Hitler and the Nazis often subverted Nazi symbols such as the swastika in order to undermine their propaganda message.

One of his more famous pieces, made in 1935 entitled Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle! (English: Hurray, The Butter is Finished!) was published on the frontpage of the AIZ in 1935. A parody of the aesthetics of propaganda, the photomontage shows a family at a kitchen table, where a nearby portrait of Hitler hangs and the wallpaper is emblazoned with swastikas. The family — mother, father, old woman, young man, baby, and dog — are attempting to eat pieces of metal, such as chains, bicycle handlebars, and rifles. Below, the title is written in large letters, in addition to a quote by Hermann Goering during food shortage. Translated, the quote reads: "Iron has always made a nation strong, butter and lard have only made the people fat".

- dadaism is reaction to attempts to deny factual force of impressionists, expressionists, cubists and futruists

- photography art

-mocks nazi- eat jews for butter, enlghtenment with book burning,

eat jews fro butter.

Brecht

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Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) was a playwright, theater director, and poet, as well as a follower of Marxism.

Brecht was born in Bavaria, near Munich, to a religious, middle-class family. His work was cutting-edge for the time, and focused on "epic theater" -- a term still used today to refer to works similar to those of Brecht. In epic theater, reality is mirrored, and rather than existing as a form of entertainment, the plays challenge the audience to make judgments on opposing sides of an argument, and on reality itself.

Perhaps Brecht's most successful work was his adaptation of John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera," into the "Threepenny Opera." It was a strong critique of the Church, and, in Brecht's eyes, its hypocritical stance on morality in the face of the suffering of the working class.

As a strong believer in Marxism, when the Nazi's came to power in Germany, Brecht, fearing persecution, fled to Denmark and then Sweden. However, as Hitler began to invade Scandinavia, Brecht got a Visa and came to the United States. While in the US, Brecht got called to testify to the House un-American Activities Committee because of his Communist beliefs and role in the entertainment industry.

Following his testimony, he flew back to Germany, and settled in East Berlin, albeit with a higher standard of living than other East Germans as a result of monetary compensation from his copyrights on scripts. Additionally, East Germany lured him back with the promise of his own theater company, the Berliner Ensemble.

"To those Born Later"- sends message that tehy tried to fight the Nazis. They have lived in truly darked times. written 1938. what they did gave a voice to opposition, wasn't enough. 

Brecht died at the age of 58, as the result of a heart attack.

Hitler's Architect, imagined a new Berlin, which would be the capital of the world. His plan was to make a North-South Axis through the city, extending from the Spree River southward through Berlin. The plan was never implemented, although some preparatory structures were created.

-planned to make grand hall and arch

 -Forced labor of jews for military not for rebuilding berlin

Peter Eisenmann

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made jewish museum in berlin

and won contest for world trade center

Frederick William III

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-(1770-1840) was King of Prussia from 1797 until 1840.

-son of King William II, and became crown Prince, when his father became King in 1786.

-military training as he was growing up, and by 1790 had become a Colonel.

-Prussian Army collapsed in battle with the French during the Franco-Prussian War in 1806. Eventually, turning against France, he signed an alliance with Russia (where he spent some time), and returned back to Berlin.

Siggasaule

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-Paris was an old lady and Berlin is young and cheerful

-Berlin is cheerful and lively

- Greek portico and roman  castrum

-war memorials shows people on "right" side

- about the Neue Wache

- Tessenow designed the interior with skylight

-Today Kollwitz design of Pieta, woman mourning her son.

-"juxtaposition of interior and exterior established by schinkel that anticipated the needs of German memory"

- maps secrecy bad for good government

-maps not withheld by  strong monarchs used against them later.

-Companies shipping like dutch had laws on secrecy of maps.

-silences- either unimportant or suppresed

 -maps connected with expansion and military

not objective lots of things are missing

-maps of indian territory are not in the U.S. map

-techno music, captures 1990's

-soundtrack for RLR to follow culture

- made 1998. 8 years after unification

-establishing shot

-chance or possibility- existential

-photo flash- quick way of telling stories to people

-time and space

-showed books of Hirsch

-teich compositions

-first film, railway lines

-no dialogue, city subject of his film

-city in a day, movement, complexity and exhiliration

-rhythms of a city

-Berlin in 1 24 hour period

-film of train moving: shows movement, anxiety, city as protagonist

-rapid cuts and splcing together of multiple viewpoints.

-view above doesn't convey what's going on in the bottom

 -superimpsition

-crisis, murder, stock market, marriage, geld

Ludwig Meidner and "An Introduction to Painting the Metropolis"

-take parts of a city (noise, masses, railroads) to convey his feeling

-"Me & the City"- conveys feeling to be in Berlin 1913

-Feeling of being trapped

-people thought appocalypse was close

-storm- feel eminent destruction of near the world

-don't use vagueness of impressionism

-space light and dark

-paint nervously

-use white and black in painting berlin

-paint what is close to us

George Simmel and "Metropolis and Mental Life" 1903

-subjectivity- sense of self

-space time language

-hyperstimulation

-railway lines, movement electricity

-conform to society, insert yourself into the city so not overwhelmed

-blase attitude- don't care let go

-sometimes we don't even know our neighbors

-today metropolitan man is free with refined sense

-city llfe for gain, not granted by nature but by other men

-individual is reduced to a neglible quantity "mere cog"

-began in 19th century

-romantic sotires

-aobut his cousin looking in window

-berlin on  cusp of bieng modern and organized space

-window like watching TV

-anonymity- the way we experience urban space

-Gendanmarket

-Berlin 19th century to 10th cnetury

-diversity in crowd

-mean women who makes her husband miserable

-seller doing well, somebody breaks her goods

-girl first exposed to market

-blindman recieves money and taken by vegetable lady at end of day

-fight!

- inspired by james jays, virginia wolf

-what modern lit. can look like

 -franz bibekor--> reenters society

-berlin took alexander and beat him

- everything in a city

-copied down notices around the city.

-had to do w/ rise of mass media

-consumer society- cabaret, theater, film, radio

-big theateres, in 1920's expressionsim, network city

-social political women and gay opened up

fascination w/ america

-art-->montage

-berlin build's out because built on sand.

-1920's growth of suburbs

-s-bahn and u-bahn

-art movement

-rebellion- against war, nationalism

-art and literature-->alfred doblin

-hannah hoch, john heartfield, raul hausman, hulsenbeck

-museum-anti art movement, anti nationalist, communist

-hates conservatism, bourgeoise, nationalism

-hannah hoch- photo montage

origignated in zurich

George Grosz and "My New Pictures"

-city not recognized

- first world war- used of masss killing of 1st technical war

-facial disconfigurations

-montage form

-reassembling ideologies

-these masses are the ones reoraganizing the world

-supress color, expressionism mmust stop

-communism will lead to an enrichemnt and further development of humanity to a truly classless society

-is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage.

-This piece combines images from newspapers of the time re-created to make a new statement about life and art in the Dada movement.

new woman- meant women play greater role in society

-1919 Year Women granted suffrage

-engage politically and socially

-Break down gender nomrs- WWI men injured women worked.

-tiller girls

-eagerness of Germans

-questioned traditional values

-Josephine Baker

-represented consurmer society

-stereotypes w/ JB.

-show political disenchantenment

-sanctuary from troubles of daily life

-exploration of  sexuality

-Berliners- not very Nazi

-Nazi's went to rural areas, "Tomorrow Belongs to Me"

- fritz tutored girl

-Baron gives tehm money

Economy- decedence, drunk promiscuity

-Fritz (Jewish)

- Monkey Dance- Racial politics, cultural relations. Monkey is a Jew that is human like, respectable, proper, good lady, clver/smart, interacial marriage banned, jews as scapegoat, man monkey not typical relationship, always seen as less than, silent, docility, no voice, hairy, beauty on the eye of the beholder

heusenbeck and "first dada manifesto"

-art in its execution adn direction is dependent on the time in which it lives

-best art- lots of secrets

-reality come into its own

-dadaist demand- everybody owns everything equal, rid of expressionism, regulation of sexual relations, sexual freedom

-sort out economy

judenfrage- jewish question

15th century nazi period

-expulsion of jews in 14th-16th century

-non national minorities

-non national languages

-differ in religion practices

-scapegoat for black plague

-Anti semtisim (hatred of Jews)

1. religious reasons- not recognize christ, not saved.

2. national and linguistic reasons- yiddish, hebrew

3. Social reasons- wandering/home

4. economic reasons/ money- lending money

5. racial reasons- not a race becauser of biology, Eugenics- science of race.

gate where jews are allowed- also enter hamburgerere

-jews in edge of city

-extend thousand jews 1% of population

-josephine baker

-dance of the savages

-emphasize the parody

-leading role belongs to negro blood

-abuses among the licensed and tolerated Jews and has caused damage and hardship to chritian inhabitants and Jewry itself.

- No other Jews are to be tolerated except those named in the lists that are attached to the end of these regulations.

-Lists of tolerated jewish officials 

- settle one child, a son or daughter during their liftime

-not marry until verifed that the Jew fought for prussia.

-not stay away from home for more than 1 year wihtout authorization

-other jews must pay for other jews taxes

- jews allowed to do business with lending and certain goods.

- what jews can trade

- allwoed to come into the city wiht any wares except broken gold and silver

- limits jews to commerceand industry

-special protected jew

-assimilation is key

-his ideas led towards assimilation, loss of identity for Jews and the dilution of traditional Judaism

-basic thrust is that the state has no right to interfere with the religion of its citizens, Jews include

-Corrected Dohm's views.

-Civil admission of the jews.

-either not to tolerate jews at all or to allow them to exercise agricultural and mechanical trades.

-resolved to grant the adherents of the Jewish faith in our monarchy a new constitution sutiable to the general welfare.
- Jews considered as natives

-Use German language and letters.

-assimailatinon

-predicts the future, letter of protection

-carry on permited trade

-marriage allowe

-Education by jews

-grants jews full civil rights

 -

- asks for improvement of Jew's civil status, bring desired improvement to their public morality.

-the restrictions cause Jews to be bad

-moral corruption of jews is consequence of oppressed condition in which they have been living for many centuries

- everything the jews are blamed for is caused by the political conditions under which they now live, and any other group of men, would be be guilty fo such erros

-can one be surprsied at his hatred for a nation which gives him so many and so stinging proofs of its hatred fro him?

-his religion does not commend these dishonesties...we ourselves are guilty of the crimes we accuse him of

-give them equal rights

-jews not excluded from agriculture

-judengasse (ghetto) are remnants of old harsh principles

-hebrews obey in german language

-every art and science open to jews

-equality w/ christians and jews

-jews in court, jews tried by jews

-"jews are prohibited by their religion from serving the army" so no civil rights

-jews too will fulfill the obligation to defend the society which has given them equal rights.

-thought about jewsih status

-opposed antismetism

-assimilation in a more thorough fashion of jews, throow away cultural identity and religious independence

-our jewsih compatriots are nothing less than germans

-they must make up their minds and tear down all barriers between themselves and their German compatriots.

-against von treitschke

-justified growing hostility of jews despite unification.

-Assimilation rapidly and that to participate in German culutre and society.

-Ther ewill nevr abe a complete solution

-It is not possible to change the hard German heads into Jewish heads. The only way out is for our fellow citizens to make up theri minds without reservation to be Germans. 

-addresses the "The German Jewsih Question"

-Jews become Germans

-Greatest danger however is the influence of the Jews in the press. Newspapers are written by jews.

-romantic nationalism

-"Jews are our misfortune"

-Jews are different

-surveys streets of berlin writes about it

-berlin is an in between station

-see people of different race, Germany a transit station 

-half a jew's life is consumbed by the futile battle wiht papers

-eastern jews are in transit visa

-pickpockets, bigamists, con artists. No violent criminals no murderers

-they check papers on the streets as well

-Jewish beverage mead

-whatever clothes he buys he sells next mornign at the old clothes exchange

-Most Jewish street is Hirtenstrasse, saddest street in the world because of bad living conditions

-

-won election in germany to become german foreign minsiter

-murdered because he's a jew

- coming out- "jew"

-Idea of how jews can become just like a German

 -you may ask if i am trying to convert you (my fellow jews to christianity) certainly not.

-baptism will certainly not bring an end to the Jewish Question.

- nazi made it a required reading

-jew look clumsinesss

-jew women don't smile

1914-1918 WWI

1916- Jew Count

 1920-Formation of Nazi Party
1924- Beer Pursch- Hitler failed in leading a group of war veterans in Munich

1928- 2% Nazi Party

1932/1933-> Nazi Party for Power

-Build new society that connects to nationalism

-concerned wiht living space

-identity in danger

-attracted middle class and industry

-looking for revenge and answers

-said that jews did not fight for Germany in WW1

- Mein Kampf writen by Hitler while in jail (1924)

-support big business and rural communities

-election of paul hindenberg

-paul hindenberg- died after

-appoints hitler

-reichstag feb 1933 set on fire

-dual sharing of power. hitler became pres/ chancellor

-hindenberg passes enabling act and dissolves constituion and parliament

-SA put together by hitler

-Propaganda Minister of Nazi

-How to convey Nazi Ideas

-Book burinign burs diverse ideas

-converted masses

-why hate the jews?

1. we are fighters of the german people the jew is the casue and the benificiary of our misery. he has used the social difficulties of the broad masses of our people to deepen the unholy split between right and left.

2.he has halved germany

3. lived on fact that no solution

4. corrupted race, fouled our morals, undermined our customs,

-jew is palstic demon.

hitler speech sportspalast

-thanked mussolini

-thanked german people 

-Germans determined to solve our own problems

-Honorable great nation in history books

joseph goebbels "do you want total war?"

-i shall remeber the heroes of stalingrad

-national socialism

-terror of the jews and prepare war against europe

 -were german army are not position to break the danger from the east, reich would fall to boshivism

-German army can save Europe from this treat

-danger is a motivating foce.

-bring chaos to reich an europe

-west in danger, total war is a msut

-athletes fight wiht army, volunteer

-Woman work for spot man left

-asked questions: wether people believe on the Fuhrer.

-use media

der angriff-gripping of power

-Jews responsibe for misery

of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. They used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jewish people. The laws classified people as German if all four of their grandparents were of "German blood" (white circles on the chart), while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents (black circles in top row right). A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood".

-law to protect german blood and honor

-intermarriage illegal

Use technology, hitler wants radio in every household, cheap radios, television was invented, live video broadcast, nazi parties used it, used long and shortwave signals.

Period of 16 days

Helena Mayer- mixed German and Half Jew

-150 new buildings put up

-more classical and greek looking.

-swastika flags everywhere

-Leni Riefenstahl- neutral view, film maker, utilized camera in new forms. Olympia

-got rid of signs banning jews

-torch realy from athens to Germany mostly rural areas in Germany, last runner was arian.

-first radio broacast

-US. Jesse Ownes won gold medals, hitler disssed him

Destruction of berlin

Sebald's "Firebombing of cities"

Gunter Eich- inventroy

-hamburg and dresden sparred some

-major catastrophe consisted of women, and kids

-Berlin destroyed by fires

1.Sebald- used different primary accounts, used lots of figurative language.

2.eich- inventory of zero hour, people have to start over, just a list.

- all airports in west

Berlin divided- FDR West and GDR East

• a complete rejection of the ideology that the German people are a master race (German: Herrenrasse) — superior to others, born to be leaders, and entitled to commit genocide, or barbaric treatment of those not belonging to it;
• an unequivocal commitment to the inviolability and inalienability of human rights.
• Reacton to atrocities of WWII
  
• May 23, 1949
• Protection of human dignity
• dignity of maninvaluable
• rights  of liberty, equality before the law, freedom of faith, of conscience, and creed

West berlin

- 2 million people w no supplies. country in rubble.

-used tempelhof airport

-brought relief supplies to Germans

-coals brought for cold

-no ground transportation

-5,000 tons of supplies everyday

-population cut in half, sewage, everything is destroyed