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| theory that the continents have moved over the earth's history |
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| circular movement of fluids caused by the change in density between hot and cool fluids |
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| linear area where two or more tectonic plates meet; some are converging, some are diverging, and some are moving sideways across each other |
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| where two plates are moving apart |
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| where two plates are moving together; the most destructive of all boundaries, featuring much seismic activity and volcanoes |
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| where two plates are moving sideways across each other |
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| molten rock in the earth's interior |
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| low area where two plates are diverging |
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| huge undersea mountain ranges found all over the world at diverging plate boundaries on the ocean floor |
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| convergent collision boundary |
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| where two continental plates are colliding; causes folded mountains |
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| convergent subduction boundary |
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Definition
| where a continental plate and a oceanic plate meet, and the oceanic plate dives under the continental one; causes earthquakes and volcanoes |
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| waves of energy that travel through the earth; earthquake waves |
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| a break in the earth's crust caused by the movement of plates |
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| the spot in the earth's crust where an earthquake begins |
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| a spot on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake |
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| the fastest-traveling type of seismic wave, caused by compression, so the first to arrive at a recording station |
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| slower-moving seismic wave that causes shearing, or lateral waves; second to arrive at a recording station |
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| rolling seismic waves that make it to the surface and are the last two arrive at a recording station, and the wave that causes the damage during an earthquake |
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| scale that is used to measure and report the amount of energy in an earthquake; scale is logarithmic, where each number indicates an increase of energy of 10X |
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Term
| larger than 6.0 on the Richter Scale |
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Definition
| how big an earthquake has to be to cause significant damage |
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| using three recording stations and their distances from the epicenter to locate the epicenter |
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| sustains the most damage during an earthquake, along with whatever is built upon it |
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| sustains the least amount of damage during an earthquake, along with whatever is built upon it; recommended place to live in fault zones |
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| a series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake |
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| when loose soil is vibrated, it can flow like a fluid, causing landslides and damage to buildings |
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Definition
| when loose soil or snow breaks loose due to vibrations and rolls down the side of a mountain |
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| when wet soil on a slope is vibrated and rolls down the mountain, causing destruction |
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| an enormous, destructive wave caused by a marine earthquake |
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| very destructive, explosive volcano that is made of layers of different eruptions |
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| a low, flat volcano that erupts quietly |
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| where magma from the earth's interior blasts to the surface due to a weakness in the earth's crust; generally caused by plate boundaries or hot spots |
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| part of the volcano where the main eruption occurs |
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| cracks in the earth's crust away from a volcano's crater that can also emit lava flows or gases |
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Definition
| where water comes into contact with magma or rocks heated by magma |
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| large plume of ashes and debris from a volcano that descends on the land; can be suffocating to life and can lower the temperature |
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| when lava and ash travels extremely fast down a mountain, destroying everything in its past; largest cause of loss of life during a volcano |
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| when a snow-covered peak erupts, melting lots of water and causing flooding and mudslides |
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| CO2, CO and sulfur dioxide released by volcanoes |
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| slow movement of lava from shield volcanoes that is very destructive but not very deadly |
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