Term
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Definition
| One of many millions of small, rocky, and/or metallic objects that orbit the sun, consisting of fragments of once large planetesimals, or chunks of planetary material; most lie in the region between mars and jupiter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of the mantle that lies between 100 to 150 km and 350 km deep te asthenosphere is relatively soft and can flow when actted on by force |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of gases that surrounds a planet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a cataclysmic explosion that scientists sugges represents the formation of the Universe; before this event, all matter and all energy were packed into one volumeless point |
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Term
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Definition
| a ball of ice and dust, probably remaining from the formation of the solar system that orbits the sSun |
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Term
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Definition
| the dense, iron rich center of the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the overall structure of the Universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the rock that makes up the outermost layer of the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| in the context of planet formation, the process by which a planet separates into a metallic core, and a rocky mantle very early in its history |
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Term
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Definition
| a vibration caused by sudden breaking or frictional sliding of rock in the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the global internconnecting web of physical and bioloical phenomena involving the Solid Earth, hte hdyrosphere, and the atmosphere |
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Term
| Expanding Universe Theory |
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Definition
| the thoery that the whole Universe must be expanding because galaxies in every directions seems to be moving away from us |
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Term
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Definition
| a fracture on which one body of rock slides past another |
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Term
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Definition
| number of waves that pass apoint in a given time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| an immense system of hundreds of billions of stars |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer planetts that are very large and consists mostly of volatile elements |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of change in temperature with depth |
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Term
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Definition
| a solid in which atoms are not arrange in an orderly pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| water that resides under the surface of the Earth, mostly in pores or cracks of rock or sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| the relativelyt rigid, nonflowable, outer 100 to 150 km thick layer of the Earth; constituting the crust and the top part of the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| the deepest section of themantle, stretching from 670 km down the core mantle boundary. |
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Term
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Definition
| the thick layer of rock below the EArth's crust and above the core |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an object that has entered a planet's atmosphere and is glowing and evaporation as it streaks to the planet's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of rock or metal alloy that fell from space and landed on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| A homogeneous, naturally occuring, solid inorganic substance with a definable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules into a lattice. Most minerals are inorganic. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seismic-velocity discontinuityt that defines the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid object of ice and or rock and metal that orbits a planet |
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Term
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Definition
| A cloud of gas or dust in space |
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Term
| nebula theory of planet formation |
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Definition
| the concept that planets grow out of rings of gas, dust , and ice surrounding anew-born star |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbon-containing compound that occurs in living organsims, or that resembles such compounds; it consists of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms along with varying amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and other chemical.s |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively large, spherial object that orbits a star and has cleared its orbit of most debris |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny, solid pieces of rock and metal that collect in a planetary nebula and eventually accumulate to form a planet. |
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Term
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Definition
| a body that grows by the accumulation of planetesimals but has not yet become big enough to become a planet |
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Term
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Definition
| The flattened cloud of dust, gas, and ice that orbits a nascent |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense body of gas that is collasping inward because of gravitational forces and that may eventually become a star. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in which a source of light moving away from you very rapidly shifts to a lower frequency that is toward the red end of the spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| A coherent naturally occuring solid, consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of loose mineral grians, such asboulders, pebbles, sand silt, or mud that are not cemented together |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock composed of silicate minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| the sun and all the object that orbit it (including planets, moons, comets, and asteroids.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A large sphere, composed dominantly of hydrogen and helium, in which fusion reaction are producing energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| -particles that have been ejected from a star and are shooting through space |
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Term
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Definition
| a Short-lived, very brigh object in space that results fromt eh acataclysmic explosiong marking the death of a very large star; the explosion ejects large quantities of matter into space to form a new nebulae |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used to describe the inner, Earth like planet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the middle portion of the mantle, from 400 to 670 km deep, in which there are several jumps in seimic velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all matter and energy making up the hundreds of billion of known galaxies |
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Term
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Definition
| the uppermost section of the mantle, reaching down to a depth of 400 km |
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Term
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Definition
| space that contains very little matter in a given volume (e.g., a region in which air has been removed). |
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Term
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Definition
| A means of transmitting energy from one location to another; waves can be vibrations that propagate through a meterial, or undulations of electromagnetic field that propagate either through a material or in a vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| the horizontal difference between two adjacent wave troughs or two adjacent crests |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of a plate relative to a fixed point in the mantle. |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad, relatively flat region of the ocean that lies at lest 4.5 km below sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| Space that contains very little matter in a given volume ( a region in which air has been removed.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a location at the base of the lithosphere at the top of a mantle plume, where temperatures can cause melting |
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Term
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Definition
| a Chain of now dead volcanoes transported off the hots pot byt he movement of a lithosphere plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively rigid,nonflowavble, outer 100 to 150 km thick layer of the Earth constituting the crust and the top part of the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of the outer, relatively rigid layer of the Earth; moste seismic activity happens at the boundaries of plates; while the interior of a plate is relatively stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the expected strenght of the earth's magnetic field at a certain location and thea ctual measured stregngth of the field at that location |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle between the direction a compas nnedle points at a given location and the direction of true north |
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Term
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Definition
| a magnetic entity that has a north and south end |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle between amagnetic needle free to pivot on a horizontal axis and a horizontal plane parallel to the Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The north or south ends of a magnet; field lines point straight down at the pole |
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Term
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Definition
| Teh change of the Earth's magnetic polarity; when a reversal occurs, the filed flips from normal to reversed polarity or vice versa |
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Term
| magnetic reversal chronology |
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Definition
| the history of magnetic reversals through geologic time |
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Term
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Definition
| a column of very hot rock rising up through the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's magnetic field at a certain location and the actual measured strenght of the field at that location |
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Term
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Definition
| a 2 km high submarine moutnain belt that forms along a divergent oceanic plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| the record of ancient magnetism preserved in rock |
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Term
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Definition
| the supposed position of theEarth's magnetic pole in the past, with respect to a particular continent |
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Term
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Definition
| A supercontinent that assembled at the end of Paleozoic Era. |
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Term
| Passive Continental margin |
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Definition
| A continental margin that is not a plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| one of about twenty distinct pieces of the relatively rigid lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| The border between two adjacent lithosphere plates |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of plate tectonics |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of one lithosphere with respect to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the force that drives plates away from a midocean ridge; it is caused by the fact that the ridge is elevated relative to the regions of oceanic plate away fromt he ridge. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which continental lithosphere stretches and breaks apart; rifting procedures normal faults and commonly volcanism |
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Term
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Definition
| a curving chain of active volcan 0oes formed adjacent formed adjacen to a convergent plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| a sloping band of seismicity defined by intermediate and deep focus earthquakes that occur in the downgoing slab of convergent plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks containing calcite or dolomite |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of amineral to breka along preferred planes a type of foliation in low grade metamorphic rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Smoothly curving, clamshell shaped surfaces along which materials with no cleavage plans tend to break. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Single, continous piece of imneral bounded by flat surfaces tha formed naturally as the mineral grew. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the general shape of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded |
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Term
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Definition
| the orderly framework within which the atoms or ions within a crystal |
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Term
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Definition
| the interal arrangement of atoms or ions within a crystal |
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Term
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Definition
| the flat surface of a cut gemstone; facets are produced by grinding |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineral or form of a mineral that is particulaly beautiful and or rare, and thus has value. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cavity in which euhedral crystal sprecipitate out of water solutions passing through a rock |
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Term
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Definition
| In mineralogy, hardness refersto the resistance of a mineral to scratching; a harder mineral can scratch a softer mineral. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way a mineral surface scatters light. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Homogenous, naturally occurring, solid inorganic substance wit a definable chemical compostion and an internl structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice. most minerals are inorganic. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A list of ten minerals in a sequence of relative hardness with which other minerals can be compared. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Two minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal lattice |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock composed of silicate minerals |
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Term
| silicon oxygen tetrahedron |
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Definition
| the basic building block of silicate minerals; it consists of one silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a number representing the density of mineral, as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral adn the weight of an equal volume of water . |
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Term
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Definition
| the color of the powder produced by pulverizing a mineral on an unglazed ceramic plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Condition in which the shape of one part of anobject is a mirror image of the other part |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of magma contamination in which blocks of wall rock fall into a magma cvhamber and dissolve. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Vast composite, intrusive, igenous rock body up to several hundred kilometers long and 100 km wide, formed byt hte intrusion of numerous polutons in the same region |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence in which differen silicate mienrals crystallize during the progressive cooling of a melt. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Rock that solidiefies from a melt and consits of interlocking crystals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rock that forms by the freezing of lava above ground , after it flows or explodes out (extrudes) onto the surface and comes itno contact with the atmospher or ocean. |
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Term
| Fractional Crystallization |
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Definition
| th eprocess by which a magma become preogressively more silicic as it cools, because early formed crystals settles out |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments of igneous material that have been stuck together to forma coherent mass |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in temperature with depth in the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| igneous rock consisting entirley of glass, or of tiny crystals surrounded by a glass matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock that forms when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid |
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Term
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Definition
| rock formed by the freezing of magma underground |
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Term
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Definition
| a shallow igneous intrusion that has a blister like shape |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheets or mounds of lava that flow onto the ground surface or sea floor in molten form and then solidify |
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Term
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Definition
| Molten rock beneath the Earth's surfac |
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Term
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Definition
| An igneous rock consisting of a solid amass of volcanic glass |
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Term
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Definition
| the melting in a rock of the minerals with the lowest melting temperatures, while other minerals remain solid |
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Term
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Definition
| a coarse-grained igenous rock containing crystals of up to tens of centimeters across and occuring in dike shaped intrusions |
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Term
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Definition
| an irregular or blob shaped intrusion can range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across. |
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Term
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Definition
| a glasssy igneous rock that forms from FELSIC frothy lava and cantoains abundant over 50 percent pore space |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock made from fragments blown out of a volcano during an explosition that were then packed or welded together. |
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Term
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Definition
| a glassy mafic igneous rock containing abundant air-filled hoels |
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Term
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Definition
| a nearly horizontal table top shaped tabular intrusion that occurs between the layers of country rock |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which magma intrudes block of wall rock break off and then sink into magma |
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Term
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Definition
| a pyroclastc igneous rock composed of volcanic ash and fragmented pumice, formed when accumulations of the debris cement together. |
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Term
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Definition
| open holes in igneous rock formed by the preservation of bubbles in magma as the magma cools nto solid rock |
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Term
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Definition
| tingy glass shards formed whn a fine spray of exploded lava freezes instantly upon contact with the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks composed of angular chunks of volcanic debris that have been cemented together |
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Term
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Definition
| a vent from which melt from inside the earth spews out onto the surface, a mountain formed by accumulation of extrusve volcanic rock |
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Term
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Definition
| a relict of wall rock surrounded by intrusive rock when the intrusive rock freezes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lava flow with a rubbly surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a volcano that has erupted within the past few centuries and will likely erupt again |
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Term
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Definition
| - very fine particles erupted by a volcano, they consist of glass shards formed by the rapid cooling of lava droplets erupted into the air and or of tiny rocks particles blasted into the air by an explosion |
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Term
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Definition
| in context of igneous materils, a block is achunk of igneous rock blasted out of a volcano. |
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Term
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Definition
| a frozen blob rock formed when magma ejected from a volcano freezes in flight; bombs are typically streamlined. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large circular depressionw ith steep walls and a fairly flat floor, formed after an eruption at the center of the volcano collapses into the drained magma chamber below |
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Term
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Definition
| a subaerial volcano consisting of a cone shaped pile of tephra whose slope apporaches the angle of repose for tephra. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fracturing that yields roughly hexagonal columns of basalt; columnar joints form when a dike, sill or lava flow cools |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular depression at top of volcanic mound. dpressionformed by the impact of a meteorite. |
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Term
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Definition
| a volcano that has not erupted for hundreds to thousands of years but does thave the potential to erupt again in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| an eruption that yields mostly lava, not ash |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual widening of an ocean basin as new oceanic crust forms at a midocean ridge axis and then moves awaway from teh axis |
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Term
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Definition
| lithospher plate slips laterally past another |
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Term
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Definition
| deep elongate trough bordering a volcanic arc; a trench defines the trace of aconvergent plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rock fromed when deposits of pyroclastic flows solidify |
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Term
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Definition
| a lava flow witha surface texture of smooth, glassy, rope like ridges |
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Term
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Definition
| a subaerial volcano with abroad gentle dome fromed from low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| a large cone shaped subaerial volcano consistinf alternating layers of lava and tephra |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsolidated accumulation of pyroclastic grains |
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Term
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Definition
| open holes in igneous rock forme dby the preservation of bubbles in magma ast eh magma cools into solid rock |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of water and clasts fo volcanic material that moves downt eh slope of a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer composed of fragments of igneous material erupted from volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
| clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains that include quartz and feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct layer of sedimentary strat |
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Term
| biochemical sedimentary rock |
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Definition
| sedimentary rock formed from aterialprdocued by LIVING ORGANISMS |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of lithification in which cement, consisting of minerals that precipitate from groundwater, partially or completely fills the spaces between clasts and attacheseach grain to its neighbor |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary rock made up of minerals that PRECIPITATE DIRECTLY from water solution |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together detritus derived formt he weathering of preexisting rock |
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Term
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Definition
| a fragment of detritus 9 grain or bpebble) |
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Term
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Definition
| very coarse grained sedimentary rock consisting of rounded clasts |
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Term
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Definition
| a lamination inclined to the main bedding; it represent the slip face of alyer deposited in a current |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which sediment settlses out of atransporting medium |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes that happens to sediment orsedimentary rock during and subsequent to lithification but atempertures less than that of the lowest grade metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of carbonate sedimentary rock that contain signifcant quantites of dolomite. |
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Term
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Definition
| the grinding away nand removal of Earth's surface materials by moving water air or ice |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of transformating a liquid into a gas |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of clastic sediment or sedimentary rock in which clast size progressively decrease from the base to the top of the bed; graded beds form by depostion form a turbidity current. |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary rock composed of calcite |
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Term
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Definition
| teh transformation of loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation |
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Term
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Definition
| very fine grained sedimentary rock that will not easily split into sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedimentary rock (coal) formed from carbon rich relicts of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The seaward migration of a shoreline caused by a lowering of sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| wave liek ridges and troughs on the surface of a sedimentary layer formed during deposition in a current. |
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Term
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Definition
| coarse grained sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of quartz. |
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Term
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Definition
| a depression, created as a consequence of subsidence, that fills with sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic of sedimentary deposits that pertains to the character of bedding and/or the surface features of a bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| very fine grained sedimentary rock that breaks into thin sheets. |
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Term
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Definition
| fine grained sedimentary rock formed by the metamorphism of shale |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of clast sizes in a collection of sediment the degree to whcih sediment has been separated by flowing currents itno different size fractions |
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Term
|
Definition
| a succession of sedimentary beds |
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Term
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Definition
| a recognizable layer of a specific sedimentary rock type or set of rock typs, deposited uring a certain time interval that can be traced over a broad region. |
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Term
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Definition
| the vertical sinking of the Earth's surface ina region, relative to a reference plane. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inland migration of shoreline resulting from a rise in sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbonate rock formed by precipitation of carbonate minerals from water at springs or on the surface of caves. |
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Term
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Definition
| a submarine avalanche of sediment and water tha speed down a submarine slope |
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Term
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Definition
| due to increase in temperature and pressure in a rock when it has been buried to adepth of several kilometers |
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Term
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Definition
| thermal metamorphism. caused by heat conducted into country rock from an igneous itnrusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| metamorpism that occurs as a consequence of a shearing alone, with no change in temperature or pressure |
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Term
| dynamothermal metamorphism |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the process involving uplift and erosion that retursns deeply buried rocks to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grain, or of a compositional banding in a metamorphic rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| a compositionally banded metamorphic rock typically composed of alternating dark and light colored layers |
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Term
|
Definition
| rock that undergoes metamorphism simply because of a change in TEMPERATURE, withought being subjected to differential stress. |
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Term
| hydrothermal metamorphism |
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Definition
| the change that occurs in rock due to interaction with high temperature water solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a metamorphic rock composed of acalcite and transofrmed from a prolith of limestone |
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Term
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Definition
| conglomerate that has undergone metamorphism, but in which clasts arestill recognizable; typically the clasts are stretched or flattened |
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Term
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Definition
| rock that forms when preexisting rock changes into new rock as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature and or shearing under elevated temperatures; metamorphism occurs without the rock first becoming a melt or sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of grins ( preferred orientation0 formed as a result of metamorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| the region between two metamorphic isograds, typically nmaed after an index mineral found within the region |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a rock's overall chemical composition changes durign metamorphism because f reactions wtih hot water that bring in or remove elements |
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Term
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Definition
| a rock formed when gneiss is heated high enough so that it begins to partially melt, creating layers, or lenses, of new igneous rock that mix with layers of the relict gneiss |
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Term
|
Definition
| rock formed during dynamic metamorphism and characterized by foliation that lies roughly parallel to the fault involved in the shearing process; mylonites have very fine grains formed by the the nonbirttle subdivision of larger grains. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fine grained metamorphic rock with a foliation caused by the preferred orientaion of a very fine grained mica |
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Term
|
Definition
| the series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake |
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Term
|
Definition
| seismic waves that pass throught the interior of the Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| waves in which the particles of material move back and forth parallel to the direction in which the wave itself moves |
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Definition
| the amount of movement or slip acrossa fault plane |
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Definition
| a vibration caused by sudden breaking or frictional sliding of rock in the Earth |
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Definition
| the concept that earthquakes occur when rock elastically bends until it fractures; the fracturing generates earthquake energy and decreases the elastic energy stored int her ock. |
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Definition
| the point on the surface of theEArth directly above the focuse of an earthquake |
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Definition
| a fracture on which one body ofrock slides past another |
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Definition
| a small step ont he groudn surface where on side of afault has moved vertically with respect to the other |
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Definition
| the series of smaller earthquakes that PRECEDE a major earthquake |
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Definition
| the poitn below the Earth's surface where the energy is produced druign an earthquake |
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Definition
| earthquake that occurs away from plate boundaries |
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Definition
| the transformation of seemingly solid sediment into a liquid like slurry, in response to gorund shaking |
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Term
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Definition
| any numerical representation of size of an earthquake as determined by measuring the AMPLITUDE of ground motion |
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Definition
| An earthquake charaterization scale based ont eh amount of damage that the Earthquake causes. |
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Definition
| a numerical representation of the size of eartquake that takes itno account the area of the fault that slipped, the amount of slip, and the strength of the rock that broke. |
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Definition
| the average time between successive geologic events |
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Definition
| a scale that defines earthquakes on the basis of the amplitude of the largest ghround motion recorded on a seismogram |
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Definition
| the relatively narrow strips of crust on Earth under which most earthquakes occur |
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Definition
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Definition
| waves of energy emittated at the focus of an earthquake. |
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Definition
| record of earthquaked prdouced by a seismograph |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that canrecord the gorund motion from an earthquake. |
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Term
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Definition
| seimsic waves in which particles of material move back and forth perpendicular tothe direction in which the wave itslef moves. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault in which one block slides horizontally past another so ther eis no relative vertical motion |
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Term
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Definition
| a fold with an arch like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge |
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Term
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Definition
| in the context of folds, this is the imaginary plane that contains the hinge lines of successive layers int eh fold; it is the surface that divides a fold into its two separate limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| a fold or depression shaped liek a rightside up bowl. |
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Definition
| the cracking and fracturing of amaterial subjected to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a push or squeezing felt by a body |
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Definition
| a long lived block of durable continental crust commonly found in the stable interior of a continent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in shape, position, or orientaion of a mateiral by bending, breaking or flowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle at which a layer tilts, relative to horizontal; the angle is meausred in an imaginary vertical plane that trens perpendicular to the strike. |
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Term
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Definition
| folded or achred layers with the shape of an overturned bowl |
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Term
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Definition
| the bending and flowing of a material subjected to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bend or wrinkel of rock layers or foliiation; folds form as a consequence of ductile deformation |
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Definition
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Definition
| for fun. a satellite system people can use to measure the rates of movement of Earth's crust relative to one another or simply to locate their posiiton on the Earth's ruface. |
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Term
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Definition
| the porition of a fold where curvature is greatest. |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition that exists whent he buoyancy force pushing lithsophere up equals the gravitation force pulling lithosphere down. |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally formed cracks in rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| the side of a fold, showing less curvature than at the hinge. |
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Definition
| a fold in the land surface whose shpae resemble that of a carpe draped over a stair step |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault in which the hanging wall block moves down the slope of the fault |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which mountains begin to collapse under their own eight and spread out laterally |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| force per unit area, or the push actin on a material in cases where the push is the same in all direction |
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Definition
| a steeply dipping fault on which the hanging wall slides up |
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Term
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Definition
| a stress that moves one part of a material sideaways past another part. |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in shape of anobject in response to deformation |
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Definition
| the remarkable diversification of life indicated by fossil record that occured athte beginning of the period |
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Definition
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Definition
| vertical motion of groudn during mountain building |
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Definition
| the process of defining the age relations between the strata at one locatiy and the strata at antoher |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of determing the relative age of rock by looking at which rock or structure cuts another; the feature has been cut is older (following all the laws) |
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Term
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Definition
| the decay product of radioactive dcay |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest subdivision of geolci tme |
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Term
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Definition
| an interval of geologic time representing the largest subdivision of a perio |
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Term
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Definition
| an interval of geolgic time representing the largest sudivision of the phanerozoic eon |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle tht the the assemblag of fossil species in a given sequence of sedimentary strata differsm fromt aht found in older seuences or in younger sequences; a given species appears at a certain level than disappears at a higher level. |
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Term
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Definition
| a composite stratigraphic chart that represents the entirety of Earth's history |
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Term
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Definition
| a map showign the distribution of rock units and sturctures across aregion |
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Term
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Definition
| the span of time since the formation of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| scale that describes the intervals of geologic time |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for half a group of radioactive lements's isotopes to decay. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| different versions ofa given elemtn that have the same atomic number but different atomic weights. |
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Definition
| the science of dating geolgic events in years by measure the raito of parent radioactive atoms to tdaughter product atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the age of a rock or structure as specified in years; referred to as absolute age in older lit. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that sediments are deposted in nearly horizontal layers |
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Term
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Definition
| a radio active isotope that undergoes decay |
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Term
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Definition
| interval of geo time rp. a suddivision of geologic era. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interval of geolgic time between eath's formation 4.57 ga and tbeginning of phanerezoic eon 542 ma |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a radioactive atom undergoes fission or release particles thereby transforming into a new element |
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Term
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Definition
| teh age of one geolgic feature with repsected to another |
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Term
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Definition
| crosssection digaram of a sequence of trata summarizing information about the sequence. ;/ |
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Term
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Definition
| again? recognizable layer of a specific sedimentary rrock type or set of rock ty pes,deposited during a certain time interval that can be traced over a broad region. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that younger layers of sediment are depositied on old layers of sediment ; t hus ina seq. of starata, the oldes tlayer is at base. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a boundary between 2 different rock sequences representign an interval of time during which new strata were not depostied and /or were eroded. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that the same physical processes observed today are responsible for the formation of ancient geologic features; put concisely,"The present is the key to the past." |
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Term
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Definition
| a gently slopign apron of sediment dropped by an ephemeral stream at the base of a mountain in arid or semiarid region. |
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Term
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Definition
| sorted sediment deposited by a stream |
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Term
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Definition
| - a streamt hat acuts across an uplifted moutna range the stream ust have existed bofet he range uplifted musth have been able to down as fast as the land was rising. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sheet of elongate lens or mound of alluvium. a unit of ari pressure measurement approximately equal to 1 atm. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest elevation a stream channels floor can reach at a given locality |
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Term
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Definition
| a sediment choked stream consisting entwined subchannels. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total VOLUMEof sedimetn that a stream can carry. |
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Term
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Definition
| a trough dug into the ground surface by flowign water |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of flowign water to carry sediment,a s represented by the largest clast size tath the stream can transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| a wedge of sediment formed at a river mouth when the running water of the stream enters standing water, the current slows, the stream sloses compentence and sediment settles out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest elevation a stream channels floor can reach at a given locality |
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Term
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Definition
| a film of water less than feww millimeters thick thatcovers teh ground surfac3e durying heavy rains. |
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Term
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Definition
| ribbon water flows in a channel |
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Term
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Definition
| situation n whcih headward erosion causes on e stream to intersect the course of another. previously indpendendent stream sot aht the interstcted stream starts to flow down the channel fot he finest stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| the renewed downcutting of a stream int o a flood plain/pleneplain caused by a drop of the bass level. |
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Term
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Definition
| - tflat surface, underlain by alluvium, that borders a stream, terraces form whent he stream cuts down into the alluivum that it had deposited previously. |
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Term
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Definition
| who sgeometry was laid down oa rock structures and is not made |
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Term
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Definition
| small stream that flow into alrge a large strream |
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Term
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Definition
| a valley who scrossectional shape drever |
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Term
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Definition
| palce where water drops over an escarpment |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment or rock that TRASMIT WATERS EASILY |
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