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| Physically transported rock fragments produced by the weathering of preexisting rocks (gravel, sands and muds) |
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| A rock formed by the precipitation of minerals from solution either by inorganic chemical processes or extracted from solutions by organisms. |
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| The further the rock travels, the more rounded the corners are |
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| Sediment to Sedimentary rock:First Step |
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| Sediment to Sedimentary rock: second step |
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| Transportation: By Wind, Water, Ice |
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| Sediment to Sedimentary rock: Third Step |
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| Sediment to Sedimentary rock: Fourth Step |
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| xSediment to Sedimentary rock: fifth step |
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| Diagenesis: compaction/cementation |
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| Sediment to Sedimentary rock: Sixth step |
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| Chemical precipitation of mineral material between grains binds sediment into hark rock |
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| grains squeezed by the weight of overlying sediments. Reduces pore space |
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| coarse particles anywhere from about 1 in-10 in pebbles, boulders |
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| medium sized particles anywhere from 1-.062 mm Sand |
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| fine sized. .062-.0039 mm mud, silt, clay |
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| Chemical sedimentary rocks: Limestone |
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| CaCO3, forms inorganically through precipitation from water or through other chemical reactions. Also forms from calcium carbonate debris of animals. |
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| Chemical sedimentary rocks: Coal |
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| peat that has been buried, compacted, and heather, losting most of its water and oxygen in the process. Depending on the amount of heat and pressure, coal can be soft and dull or hard and shiny. |
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| Chemical sedimentary rocks: Chert |
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| a silica rich rock that forms in several ways. Ones way chert forms is in layers from the accumulation and compaction of tiny, silica rich plankton shells that fall to the ocean floor |
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| Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites (salts) |
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| a rock composed primarily of halite, salt forms as water in lakes and seas evaporates |
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| beach, sand, shells, gravels SANDSTONE |
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| lagoon, sand and mud derived from land, or calcite sand eroded from a freef, the tranquil water accumulates mud, overlain by limestone SHALE |
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| Reef, the area becomes far away from the shore line to develop the coral LIMESTONE |
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| The advance of the sea over a region. Associated with erosion then deposition of sediments more typical of deep water over the region |
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| retreat of the sea from a region. Associated with erosion and then deposition of sediments more typical of deep water over the region. |
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| Sedimentary Rock Structures |
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Mudcracks
Bedding
Ripple Marks
Fossils |
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| Principle of Original Horizontality |
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| Layered strata are deposited horizontal or nearly horizontal to the Earth’s surface |
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| Principle of Superposition |
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| in a sequence of undisturbed layered rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom |
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| a surface between two layers that were not laid down in an unbroken sequence |
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| An unconformity in which the upper set of layers overies an erosional surface developed on an undeformed, stil horizontal lower set of beds |
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| an unconformity in which the upper beds of sedimentary rocks overlie metamorphic or igneous rocks. |
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| an unconformity in which the upper beds overlie lower beds that have been folded and then eroded to a more or less even plane |
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Eon-Era-Periods-Epochs
(Largest-Smallest) |
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Hadean Eon
Archean Eon
Proterozoic Eon
Phanerozoic Eon*
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| Order of Eras within Phanerozoic Eon |
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Palezoic Era (sealife, plantlife, etc and 70% extinct)
Mesozoic Era (Dinosaurs)
Cenozoic Era (Present) |
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| radioactive elements decay to stable, non-radioactive elements. The rate at which this decay occurs is constant. If we know the rate of decay and the amount present of both parent and daughter, we can calculate how long this reaction has been occurring. |
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| the time required for half of it to decay |
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| Large masses of ice on land that move under their own weight |
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| Glacier that forms in the cole heights of mountains ranges where snow accumulates, usually in pre-existing valleys, and flows down the valley. Can terminate on land or water. |
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| Slow moving, thick sheet of ice that cover large parts of a continent. Modern example are Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets. |
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| total amount of ice that a glacier loses each year |
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| total amount of snow added to the glacier each year |
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| total of all the small movements of the ice crystals that make up a glacier, resulting in a large movement of the whole masses of ice. Dominant process in polar/cold regions. |
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| At the base of the glacier, the ice is under tremendous pressure from the weight of the overlying ice. Freezing point of water decreases as pressure increases. Ice at the base of the glacier melts before ice at the surface of the glacier. It is the movement of a rigid ice slab along a base lubricated by water. Continental glaciers move mainly by basal slip, dominates in more temperature regions. |
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| a division of the quaternary period. The Pleistocene began about 1.8 million years ago and ended roughly 10,000 years ago. It was the last great ice age. |
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| current geologic epoch… The end of the last iceage marks the beginning |
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| Erosional Features: Striations |
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| gouges or scratches cut into bedrock by the process of glacial abrasion. They are usually parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier. |
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| Erosional Features: Kettle Ponds |
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| occur as a result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming buried partially to wholly by glacial outwash. |
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| Depositional Features: Till |
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| Sediment transported on, within, and at the bottom of a glacier. As the glacier melts these sediments are deposited across the landscape forming distinct ridges, piles, or sheets. |
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| Depositional Features: Erratics |
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| Rock transported on top, within, or below a glacier from one location to another location far from where the rock was originally located |
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| Depositional Features: Moraine |
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| When till accumulates in sheets, piles and ridges forming landforms. |
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Depositional Features: Moraine
Terminal Moraine |
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| represents sediment deposited along the front of the glacier when it had reached its maximum extent. It has the same shape and character as a recessional moraine. Areas between a terminal moraine and present-day glacier were once covered with ice |
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Depositional Features: Moraine
Lateral Moraine |
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| Parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier |
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Depositional Features: Moraine
Medial Moraine |
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| ridge of a moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. Formed when two glaciers meet. |
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| Possible Causes of Ice Ages |
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| Plate Tectonics, Eccentricity, Tilt, Precession, Deep Ocean (Thermohaline) Circulation |
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| Of the earth's orbit around the sun |
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| Of the earth rotation access |
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