What is Karst topography?

What is an angular unconformity?

a. A gradual shift from one depositional style to another

b. A buried erosional surface

c. A layer of limestone that has been dissolved, leaving a void

d. Softer layers being eroded away, causing the upper layers to collapse

e. None of the above

E. None of the above

It is an unconformity in which older strata dip at a different angle.

What tree can survive marine conditions?

a. Oak

b. Mangrove

c. Cypress

d. Pine

e. Maple

f. All the above

Describe the vadose zone.

What are tubular passages?

a. Long narrow caves with rounded sides and domed roofs

b. Deep, narrow holes with domed roofs

c. Broad, open passages, often with collapse breccia at the base

d. Long, narrow passages with vertical sides and flat roofs

e. A and D

What is coral?

a. Animal

b. Plant

c. Combination

d. Unknown

Explain why Carlsbad Caverns differ from most other limestone caves.

What are estuaries, and why are they important?

What rock type is currently forming in Florida Bay?

a. Granite

b. Travertine

c. Shale

d. Limestone

e. Basalt

What is the deepest cave in the United States?

a. Carlsbad Caverns

b. Lechuguilla Cave

c. Wind Caves

d. Timpanogos Cave

e. Mammoth Cave

Describe the depositional origin of the limestone that Carlsbad Caverns are located in.

What economic commodity is found in the Delaware Basin adjacent to Carlsbad Caverns?

a. Gold

b. Coal

c. Oil and gas

d. Salt

e. Rare earth metals

f. There are no economic deposits in the Delaware Basin

What is meant by keys (also known as cays)?

Who cares about how limestone forms?

a. Coal companies

b. Gold prospectors

c. Water well drillers

d. Oil and gas companies

What are ooids?

a. Microscopic, planktonic sea critters living in tropical seas

b. Small spheres of calcium carbonate, formed in shallow, tropical seas

c. Chert nodules found within limestone layers

d. Varieties of limestone

Identify two carbonate producing organisms.

Which ecosystem inspired the name Everglades?

a. Mangrove zone

b. Cypress zone

c. Fresh water sloughs

d. Freshwater marl prairie

e. Pinelands

f. Hardwood hammocks

What has sea level been doing for the past 15,000 years?

a. Rising

b. Falling

c. Remaining static

d. We don’t know

By what process can rainwater become acidic enough to dissolve limestone?

a. Carbonic acid is formed by reaction with carbon dioxide in the air

b. Hydrochloric acid is produced be reaction with shale bedrock

c. Carbonic acid is produced be reaction with decaying organic matter

d. Sulfuric acid is produced by reaction with elemental sulfur in caves

e. Hydrochloric acid is formed by reaction with chlorine in the soil

f. None of the above

g. A and C

During the last interglacial, why was sea level higher than it is today?

 a. It wasn’t. Current sea level is the highest it has ever been

b. Glaciers were larger

c. Glaciers were smaller

d. Chuck Norris

e. None of the above

Describe how a sinkhole forms.

Describe the process by which the shafts of Mammoth Caves form.

Why are groundwater contaminants a serious concern in the Mammoth Caves area (more so than in other areas)?

a. Shale bedrock allows for very high permeability, giving very little time for contaminants to be filtered

b. The area is heavily populated and near a major metropolitan center.

c. Very high permeability due to the cave systems in the limestone gives very little time for natural filtration

d. B and C

e. There is no problem with contaminants in this area.

What was the source of the hydrogen sulfide that formed the sulfuric acid responsible for the formation of Carlsbad Caverns?

a. Pollutants from illegal chemical dumping in the Delaware Basin

b. Decomposing organic matter from nearby oil fields

c. Volcanic activity close by

d. Carlsbad was not created by sulfuric acid, it was created by carbonic acid

e. Carlsbad was not created by sulfuric acid, it was created by hydrochloric acid

f. Chuck Norris

Describe what triggers the dissolved calcite found in groundwater to re-deposit as travertine formations in caves.

Why are karst features absent at the surface in the Carlsbad area?

Identify a modern area that is an example of what the Carlsbad area probably looked like when the limestones were being deposited?

a. Bahamas

b. Florida Keys

c. Great Barrier Reef

d. A tropical atoll

e. Any of the above

What is one way to distinguish a sedge (sawgrass) from a true grass?

Identify and explain two negative impacts of the overuse of the local aquifer in the Everglades.

Identify the three features that keep Florida Bay isolated from the open ocean.

Describe the two ways that mangroves can build the coastline of Florida, actually adding acreage to the state.

Why is a tropical storm able to do more damage to the corals that a much more powerful hurricane?

a. It has stronger winds

b. It is more powerful

c. It is slower moving

d. It is a more organized storm

e. It can’t. Hurricanes are able to do much more damage.

Why is it considered impossible to return the Everglade ecosystem to its original state?