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| the idea of a super continent that later fragmented into separate continents that drifted apart to their present position |
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| the continents separating and drifting apart |
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| continents drift apart, new ocean floor forms between them |
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| old ocean floor between two plates sinking back down |
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| lithosphere, its outer, relatively rigid shell, consists of about 20 distinct pieces |
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| the theory of the moving of the plates and the building of new geographical features |
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| a record of earth's magnetic field in the past |
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| dipole intersects the surface of the planet at two points. the ends of the earth on which the earth spins on its axis |
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| the angle between the direction that a compass needle points and a line of longitude |
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| angle between the a magnetic field line and the surface of the earth at a given location |
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| the position of the earth's magnetic north pole in the past |
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| apparent polar-wander path |
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| successive positions of dated palepoles trace out a curving line |
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| broad, relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie a depth of about 4 to 5 km below sea level |
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| elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2 to 2.5 km below sea level |
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| deep areas occur in enlongated troughs |
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| curving chains of active volcanoes |
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| isolated submarine mountains |
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| ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical cracks and broken up rock |
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| difference between the expected strength of the earth's main dipole field at a certain location and the actual measured strength of the magnetic field at that location |
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| marine magnetic anomalies |
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| distinctive alternating bands |
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| times when the earth's field flips from normal to reversed polarity or vice versa |
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| magnetic-reversal chronology |
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| the history of magnetic reversals |
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| the earths crust plus the top part of the upper mantle |
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| warmer mantle that can flow slowly when acted on by a force |
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| boundary at which two plates move apart from each other |
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| two plates move towards each other so taht one plate sinks beneath the other |
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| one plate slips along the side of another plate |
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| chimneys; water they emit looks like dark smoke the color comes from a suspension of tiny mineral grains that precipitate in the water as the ater cools |
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