Term
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Definition
| has: prominent rachis (main shaft), interlocked barbules (branches coming off barbs), these create a flat “vane” (aerodynamic surface) |
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Term
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Definition
| is a body feather with asymmetric vanes |
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Term
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Definition
| has: rudimentary rachis, jumbled tuft of barbs (branches), no flat vane, lightweight, used for thermal insulation |
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Term
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Definition
| when the nucleus of an atom has the name number of protons but a different number of neutrons as another element, two types- stable (no radioactive decay, doesn’t change over time) and unstable (will undergo radioactive decay at some point) |
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Term
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Definition
| two supercontinents = Gond (which is Antarctic and Australia and ect…) and Laurasia. These broke apart by the end of the late Jurassic |
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Term
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Definition
| one piece Pangaea broke apart into, most of today’s current day southern land masses |
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Term
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Definition
| large ocean of the late Triassic |
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Term
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Definition
| small sea of the Late Triassic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| marks the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period |
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Term
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Definition
| found at K-T boundary, only formed in response to high pressures, likely formed by force of impact |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny tear-drop shaped pieces of rock, found at K-T boundary clays, have enriched elements that are rare on earth but common in meteorites |
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Term
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Definition
| found off the Yucutan Peninsula, Mexico dated 65 Ma (greater than 10km; would have released more energy than all the worlds nukes) |
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Term
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Definition
| preexisting novelty performing a different task than originally intended (ex: gill arches: support in breathing eventually became jaws) |
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Term
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Definition
| species from different ancestors evolving the same trait |
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Term
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Definition
| as organisms change in size, the surface area and volume change at different rates, Small things have a large SA/V ratio, which means they lose heat more easily, while large things have a small SA/V ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
| bracketing species together in order to infer certain traits (used to guess things like color in dinos) |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest explanation is the best one (if you have four sister groups, and two of them are yellow, the simplest explanation is that their ancestor is also yellow, rather than evolving yellow independently) |
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Term
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Definition
| when development replays evolution…the development of a structure mirrors the evolution of that same structure (like feathers developing in current day birds in the same way that they evolved for dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
| how old one rock is relative to another rock |
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Term
| 5 Laws (Steno's laws of relative dating) |
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Definition
| Original horizontality- originally rock layers were horizontal, now they are tilted, Superposition- younger rocks are laid on top of older rocks, Lateral Continuity- rock layers are continuous with each other, even if something (a river!) has cut through them, Cross cutting- a rock that cuts across another rock is younger than the rock is cuts across, The Law of Fossil succession- a unique succession of fossil species exists throughout time…species only live once, so once they die, they don’t come back. |
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Term
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Definition
| how old the rock is in years |
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Term
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Definition
| using fossils to tell time |
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Term
| Biostratigraphic zonation |
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Definition
| using fossils to subdivide time (gives us eons, eras, periods, and epochs) |
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Term
| Biostratigraphic correlation |
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Definition
| since any fossil can be placed uniquely in time, rocks that host the species must be the same age (or at least within the species lifetime) |
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Term
What’s the ‘Pterosaur’
argument for endothermy
in dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Since Pterosaurs and birds were endotherms, using phylogenetic bracketing dinos must be too.Problem: phylogenetic bracketing is useful, but not always correct |
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Term
Why does the geographic
distribution of dinosaurs
suggest they might have
been endothermic? What’s
potentially wrong with this argument? |
|
Definition
| Dinos are found in regions that were once at polar latitudes (endotherms can keep themselves warm in cold weather)Problem: Cold regions were decently warmer during the Mesozoic, and the dinos could have migrated there in the summer months rather than lived there year round |
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Term
Why do we think the largest
dinosaurs (e.g. sauropods)
were not endotherms? |
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Definition
| Large body masses would require a lot of cooling off, which would not be helped at all by having a high metabolism (what endotherms have) which produces tons of heat. |
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Term
List some of the hypothesized
effects of a giant meteorite
impact (e.g. global
wildfires) |
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Definition
| Blast wave, Tsunamis, Earthquakes, Global wildfires, Massive increase in temperature (for about 30 days), Massive amount of dust sent into the atmosphere blocking out the sun. |
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Term
List three lines of evidence
suggesting that an
extraterrestrial impact
occurred at the end
of the Cretaceous. |
|
Definition
| Asteroids and meteorites have impacted Earth in the past (we have craters from these)There is an Iridium spike in the clays right at the K-T boundary (Iridium is very rare on earth, but not in asteroids)There is shocked quartz, which can only be caused by high pressures, found in K-T boundary clays, Microtektites, or tiny round pieces of rock, containing elements rare on earth were found in K-T boundary clays, Huge crater, Chicxulub Crater, is exactly the same age of the K-T boundary and an impact big enough to cause such a crater would produce more energy than 10 times all the world’s nukes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups part of- Ceratopsians, a sister group to Psittacosaurs, and "Protoceratopsids", Monophyletic, Horns |
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Term
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Definition
Cerapod group, Cerapod breaks off into Ornithopods (law jaw joint) and into Marginheads (Margin in back of skull)Groups they contain- Pachycephalosaurs (thick skull) Ceratopsians (rostral bone, high nostrils)Monophyletic, Margin at back of skull
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Term
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Definition
| Groups part of- Marginheads-marginhead breaks off into Pachycephalosaurs (thick skull) and Ceratopsians (rostral bone, high nostrils) Monophyletic, Thick skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| very high levels are found deposited at the K-T boundary. Very rare on earth, and significant levels are only found in extraterrestrial rocks (meteorites and asteroids) which supports the hypothesis of an extraterrestrial impact |
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Term
|
Definition
| CERATOPSIANS Groups part of- Marginheads, a sister group to Pachycephalosaurs, Groups they contain- Psittacossaurs, "Protoceratopsids, Ceratopsids, Monophyletic, Rostral bone, high nostrils |
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Term
| What?s the evidence for parental care in hadrosaurs? In Psittacosaurs? What about evidence that all dinosaurs exhibited parental care? |
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Definition
| Nests that suggested they sat on their eggs and skeletons of young hadrosaurs found together, Evidence for dinosaurs: Closest living relatives of dinosaurs, crocodiles care for their young, Only living descendents of dinosaurs, birds care for their young |
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|
Term
What are examples of convergent
evolution between ceratopsians and
ornithopods? |
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Definition
| Larger, Dental batteries, Extensive head ornament |
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Term
Give two lines of evidence that Margin-
heads were social animals. |
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Definition
| Masses of skeleton bone beds which suggest that they may have traveled in herds. |
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Term
Why do scientists now think that sauropods
did not hold their necks up vertically? |
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Definition
| Sauropods would have to have a HUGE heart to pump blook up to the height of 4 to 5 stories, Some scientists think that it would be biomechanically impossible for a such a heart to function, Argue that sauropods must have held their necks parallel to the ground, only occasionally lifting their head up height to feed |
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Term
| What are the adaptations that sauropods evolved to deal with their really long necks? |
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Definition
| Cavernous vertebrae in neck- make the neck lightweight, Tiny head- hard to hold up heavy head at the end of such a long neck, A large heart |
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|
Term
List two differences that help distinguish
diplodocids, camarasaurs, and brachiosaurs. |
|
Definition
Diplodocids:
Nostrils are on top of heads, but still tiny.
Hind limb dominant; forelimbs shorter than hind limbs (ancestral trait)
Camarasaurs-Nostrils bigger than Diplodocids, but not as big as Brachiosaurs.-Hind limbs and forelimbs about the same length
Brachiosaurs-Even larger nostrils than Camarasaurs, Forelimbs longer than hindlimbs |
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|
Term
Which of the following dinosaur clades
includes the largest creatures ever to walk
on Earth: theropods, ceratoposans, sauropods,
stegosaurs, anklysaurs? |
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Definition
| Sauropods (Braciosaurs are the largest land animals of all time) |
|
|
Term
There are estimates that the dinosaur
Amphicoelus may have been as much as
60 m long and 150 tons. Some scientists
question this. Why? What evidence is this based on? |
|
Definition
-Amphicoelias: a fragment of a single vertebra – suggests 60 m long, 150 tons?!?
-Body weight scales with volume. So when a dinosaur increases in size, it’s weight increases at a faster rate than the strength of bones
-Implications: same relative size/shape bones won’t be able to hold up the body. It will crush its own bones under its own weight
-SO HOW do DINOS deal with this? femurs become relatively thicker compared to length.
-So, WHY is there a theoretical limit on dino size? Answer: if they got any bigger, their legs would be so thick, they wouldn’t be able to move past each other. |
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|
Term
One idea for the large size of sauropods
relates to their diet. What’s the explanation? |
|
Definition
-larger size tends to increase efficiency of digesting food. The explanation for this is that larger animals have longer digestive systems, so food is kept in the gut for longer periods of time. As a result, larger animals can survive on lower quality food.
-Although we don’t have direct evidence of sauropod diet, there are two reasons to think that they ate food of generally low quality (=low nutritional value).
-Sauropods were dominant in the Jurassic – before flowering plants (=angiosperms) had evolved. They probably dined on pine trees, conifers, and the like. These plants are of much lower nutritional value than flowering plants.
-There is also evidence that they lived in semi-arid, seasonally dry areas, like savannahs (but without the grass, since grasses are angiosperms), where the plants would have been dry and tough (difficult to digest). |
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|
Term
How does a change in size affect the
generation and loss of body heat? What
about the need for and acquisition of oxygen
in insects? Why were insects able to get
so big in the Carboniferous Period (mid
Paleozoic Era)? |
|
Definition
Heat generation correlated with volume/ Heat loss correlated with surface area
-So small things lose heat more easily than big things because they have a greater relative surface area
-Insects breathe oxygen, but they don’t have lungs. Instead, they have holes in their bodies, through which air (including oxygen) diffuses.
-As insects bigger: need for oxygen scales with volume; but ability to GET oxygen scales with surface area
-So the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere provides a limit to how big insects can get. (There are other constraints on size too that I won’t get into)
-We do have evidence, however, for much larger insects & millipedesin the Paleozoic Era. What’s the deal? Oxygen levels were higher at that time! Insects could get larger, because more oxygen available. |
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Term
How does a change in body
size affect skeletal strength ? |
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Definition
| The strength of a bone is proportional to an area, and body weight scales with volume. So weight increases faster than bone strength. In order to deal with this, bones become thicker rather than longer. |
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|
Term
Why do scientists no longer think
that sauropods lived in swampy
environments, using their long neck
as ‘snorkels’? |
|
Definition
| Their necks are too long (they’d have too much pressure on their lungs, which would be 10 m below the waters surface) and their limb bones are clearly sturdy enough to support their weight on land. |
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Term
What were sauropods like? Migratory?
Herding behavior? Did they take care
of their children? |
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Definition
| Sauropods may have moved in herds, and would have been migratory because of the amount of food they would eat. There is evidence that Sauropods were friendly towards each other and took care of their children |
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Term
What were sauropods like? Migratory?
Herding behavior? Did they take care
of their children? |
|
Definition
| Sauropods may have moved in herds, and would have been migratory because of the amount of food they would eat. There is evidence that Sauropods were friendly towards each other and took care of their children |
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Term
True or false: Sauropod diversification
coincided with the diversification of
flowering plants. |
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Definition
| Neither, they are not sure, it is a theory developed by R.T Bakker. (see page 287, 13.3, in the book) |
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Term
What were early theropods like? Sweet
and cuddly? Slow-moving and vegetarian?
Efficient hunting and killing machines? |
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Definition
| Early theropods were terrifying meat eating killing machines. |
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Term
What might have been the original function
of feathers in the earliest feathered dinosaurs
(list two possibilities)? Did feathers evolve for
flight? Explain your answer. |
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Definition
| The earliest function of feathers in dinos may have been for display or for insulation, but they did not evolve for the purpose of flight. |
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Term
Birds are an amalgam of different
characters that evolved at different
times in their ancestry. Here’s a list of
some modern bird characters; indicate
the order in
which they appeared in the ancestry of
birds: |
|
Definition
o Hollow bones 4
o Fused clavicles 6
(wishbone)
o Erect posture 3
o Digitigrade stance 2
o Feathers 5
o Loss of tail 9
o Loss of teeth 7
o Powered flight 10
o Antorbital fenestrae 1
o Carpometacarpus 8
( not sure if the order is correct) |
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Term
| Why can’t we use carbon-14 dating on rocks older than about 70,000 years? |
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Definition
| Carbon -14 doesn’t have a long enough half life (approx. 5000 years), and will be almost entirely gone before being able to measure the age of older rocks. |
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Term
| Why can’t we use uranium-lead dating on really young rocks? |
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Definition
| Uranium- lead has too long of a half life (apporx 4.5 billion years) to measure the age of young rocks. The opposite of measuring old rocks with Carbon-14 |
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Term
| Discuss four trends in synapsid evolution. |
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Definition
| Not sure where to look for this answer. From earlier in the quarter, synapsids are categorized by having one fenestra on each side of the skull. (Two total). They are mammals and mammal ancestors. |
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Term
There were two diapsid diversifications, one in the Mesozoic and one in the
Cenozoic. Which diapsid groups diversified in each Era? |
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Definition
Lizards/snakes: extinct, sea dwelling forms like ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs, and plesiosaurs
Archosaurs: crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinos (birds) |
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|
Term
How do pterosaur wings differ from bird and bat wings? Are wings in these
groups homologous or convergent? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammals have three ear bones. What are they and where did they come from? Mammals |
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Definition
| acquired two new ear bones: the malleus and incus (aka hammer and anvil). Like the stapes, they are derived from the lower jaw bones (transfer of function!). |
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Term
When did the following groups appear ?(Permian? Middle Triassic? Late
Triassic? Jurassic? Cretaceous? Tertiary?) |
|
Definition
o Turtles – Late Triassic
o Mammals- Late Triassic
o Pterosaurs – Late Triassic
o Dinosaurs – Late Triassic |
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Term
| Give two examples of how preservational differences can influence the pattern of dinosaurs in time and space. |
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Definition
1) Rock Volume varies through time: Not a lot of rocks in middle Jurassic, for a combination of reasons, in particular the fat that sea level was lower. Compared to the Cretaceous Period, there were great intracontinental seas, which meant lots of rocks. The Cretaceous has higher diversity, but perhaps it’s because there are more rocks?
2) Different dinosaurs have different ‘preservabilities’: For example, Theropods have hollow bones, thus not well preserved compared to ornithischia, sauropods. |
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Term
| Give two examples of “collection bias”. |
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Definition
1) Why so few dinos in Antarctica? Inaccessibility: Ice Sheets.
What about North Korea? Libya? Afghanistan? Also inaccessible due to political instability.
2) Lots of dinos in North America. Nationalities of the paleontologists, not a lot of African paleontologists. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between endemism and geographic isolation? |
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Definition
| Endemism means that there are distinct fauna found nowhere else in the world, so when there is lots of geographic isolation there is high endemism. Therefore, low isolation means low endemism. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between endemism and global diversity? |
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Definition
| High endemism also means higher global diversity, because each isolated area has different species. |
|
|
Term
What was climate like in the Mesozoic (e.g. vs. today)? How did climate change
through the Mesozoic? What about geography? Biogeography? Vegetation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No polar ice caps, glaciers, or snowy winters. Warm, less of a temperature gradient than we have today. Strong Monsoonal seasonality> alternating hemisphere wide: wet + dry seasons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| SO, let’s say a bunch of species really did go extinct, all on the same day. The last fossil occurrences of those species won’t coincide with their time of extinction, or with each other. The occurrences will happen some random interval of time before their extinction, and will not coincide with each other. The extinction will thus appear gradual. This is called the Signor- Lipps Effect after two paleontologists who first articulated this problem. |
|
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Term
| Surface Area vs Volume Calculations |
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Definition
| AREA = 2-dimensional unit. Area of a square = LxL. VOLUME = 3-dimensional unit. Area of a cube = LxLxL, When an organism grows in size, both surface area and volume change, However, DON’T change at same rate! Small things have a large SA/V ratio = a LOT of surface area relative to their volume. Large things have a small SA/V = a LOT of volume relative to their surface area. |
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Term
| Why did pachycephalosaurs have such thick skulls? |
|
Definition
| To prevent their skulls from crushing while they engaged in head butting. |
|
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Term
| When did flowering plants first appear? |
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Definition
| 130 million years ago, cretaceous |
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Term
| Geography (late Triassic) |
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Definition
| Pangaea= Two supercontinents = Gond (Antarctic + Australia + etc.) + Laurasia. One large ocean = Panthalassa, one small sea: Tethys, few mountain ranges/volcanoes. |
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Term
|
Definition
What he did: Recognized the first three of the five ?laws? of relative time (how one rock is relative to another rock). These were: 1.) Original horizontality 2.) Superposition and 3.) Lateral Continuity. Also studied huge sharks caught off coast of Italy and realized their teeth were just like ?tonguestones?.
Importance: Discovered the beginnings of relative time-very important to Geology. Also was the first to realize that fossils are the remains of once-living creatures. |
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Term
|
Definition
What he did: He invented what we refer to today as biostratigraphy the use of fossils to tell time. His mapped the geology of England, and he noticed that he always
saw the same fossils in the same order: species A was always in rocks
underlying species B, which in turn was always in rocks underlying species C,
and so on.
Importance: This is probably the single most important law in all of geology. Without this law ? without fossils, geologists would [basically] be screwed. |
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|
Term
What’s the ‘insulation’ argument for endothermy
in at least some dinosaurs
(which ones?)? |
|
Definition
| All living endos have some type of insulation (feathers, hair, or clothes). NO ectos have insulation. Insulation is useful in endos because it prevents heat loss (source of body heat is from inside). In ectos insulation would only be a hindrance cuz they need to get heat from their environment; insulation would block the uptake of heat into the body in the same way that when someone has hypothermia you’re supposed to strip off their clothes and get into a sleeping bag with them and warm them up. They’ve lost the ability to generate enough of their own heat- they need to get it from the environment- in this case, you. If you left their clothes on, these would act as a barrier to transferring heat from you to them. In same way clothes insulate us from outside cold, in this case, clothes would be insulating the hypothermic person from your warmth. So we now know that feathers appeared in the ancestors of coelurosaurs- perhaps even earlier. Assuming they evolved for insulation (and not for flight). Making coelurosaurs endotherms. Argument: maybe feathers evolved for display? |
|
|
Term
What’s the “predator/prey ratio argument” in favor of endothermy in theropod
dinosaurs? What’s one problem with this argument? |
|
Definition
| Endotherms need to eat 10x as much food as ectos, cuz of their faster metabolism, so we can count the mass of predatory dinos, compare it with the mass of prey dinos, and see if the ratios are similar to what you’d expect for endothermic predators. Predict: If Predatory dinos were ectos we would expect a predator: pretty mass ratio of 2:5 (40%); If predatory dinos were endos, we would expect a predator:prey mass ratio of 1:50 (=2%); Results> mass ratio of dino predators: dino prey between 1:100 and 1:33 > 1-3% which is in agreement with the prediction from predatory dinos. HOWEVER: fossil preservation may bias this results> theropod dinos (predators) are less likely to be preserved because of their hollow bones> skewing ratio such that it would appear smaller than it actually was, making ecto predators look like endos. This calculation assumes every prey dino gets eaten by a predator as well and this can’t be true, many prey dinos must have died from other causes> disease, old age, accidents, etc. So actual amount of prey mass that supported predators must have been smaller so predator-prey mass ration must have been higher than what was calculated and therefore we can’t rule out ecto predators. |
|
|
Term
Why can’t we use phylogenetic bracketing with living animals to determine
whether non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic? |
|
Definition
| Because dinosaurs are ‘bracketed’ by birds and crocodiles- endotherms and ectotherms. We don’t know when endothermy evolved in the ancestors to birds- perhaps it evolved in the ancestors of dinos- or ancestors of Saurischia – ancestors of Maniraptors, or in the last common ancestor of living birds… so we need to use other lines of evidence to infer whether non-avian dinos were endothermic. |
|
|
Term
| What’s the relationship between endothermy and metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Endotherms require a fast metabolism because that’s their source of heat and due to the need for a high metabolism there is a cost to endothermy> endotherms must eat much more food (10x) than ectotherms. Advantages: Endotherms can function in cold conditions> their physiologic processes function best at a particular temperature and if drop below a certain temp, you won’t be able to function well. You see this in insects and lizards, because they can’t move very well if they are too cold, but endotherms can be active at night (when cold) and can live in colder climates (near poles). Endotherms also have greater stamina> Ectotherms have bursts of energy and tire easily. Croc will stop chasing after 30 feet. |
|
|
Term
| Why were the continents partly flooded during the Cretaceous? Give two reasons. |
|
Definition
| 1.1. No glaciers 2. Lots of mid ocean ridges (divergent boundaries) that displaced water. |
|
|
Term
| Biogeography (late Triassic) |
|
Definition
| Low Endemism> species had wide ranges |
|
|
Term
| Vegetation (late Triassic) |
|
Definition
| No flowering Plants (Angiosperms> no grass, flowers, fruit, palm trees), ferns in understory, seed plants: cycads, conifers, ginkgoes (around today) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Warm, monsoonal, drier, vast areas in West N.Amer as big as Sahara, bit wetter at end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pangaea breaking apart- end of Jurass> split into Laurasia and Gondwana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cycads, conifers, ginkgos, ferns not so dominant because Jurass drier. Like amphibians, ferns depend on water to reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greenhouse: warm/wet. dinos living at poles: Antarctica, Australia were below Antarctic circle> winter night: sunsets, and won’t rise again for up to a few months, no ice caps, still cold, dinos survived night/cold migrating, adapting, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gondwana breaking apart; Laurasia breaking apart, New Ocean: Atlantic, Flooded continents cuz no glaciers and lots of mid ocean ridges displace water |
|
|
Term
| Biogeography (Cretatcous) |
|
Definition
| lots of endemism, distinctive dinosaur faunas in different regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowering plants appear in early Cretaceous; diversify at end of Cretaceous. |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrate biota (incl. marine life)? Which dinosaurs lived during the Triassic? |
|
Definition
Oceans: Sharks + bony fish, plesiosaurs + ichthyosaurs diverse
Land: early synapsids in decline
Early archosaurs> extinct by late Triass. Turtles, pterosaurs, mammals early reps all appear at time of dinos.
Dinos: most small: Herrerasaurus, Lesothosaurus, largest were Prosauropods (8m) and Ceratosaurs. Distribution worldwide, but not abundant until latest Triass. |
|
|
Term
| Which Dinosaurs Lived during the Jurassic? |
|
Definition
Most amphibians extinct; early synapsids bye bye, lost early Archosaur lineages, largest Plesiosaurs (50ft), ichthyosaurs, other vertebrate lineages small: mammals, pterosaurs, turtles, Big Crocs!
Dinos: dinos first dominate, Early-Mid: Ceratosaurs (theropods): small sauropods, small stegosaurids. Late Jurass: Golden Age Dinos. West US, China, Africa. HUGE sauropods (diplodocus). Large Stegosaurs. Small-med ornithopods (iguanodontids), Carnosaurs (allosaurids), first birds (archaeopteryx). |
|
|
Term
| Which Dinosaurs Lived during Cretaceous? |
|
Definition
Mammals diverge into modern groups> placentals, marsupials, monotremes, birds appear and diverge, mosasaurs top of seafood chain, birds becoming relatively diverse.
Dinos: Not as large, highest diversity, high abundance. Larger ornithopods: Hadrosaurs, Ceratopsians, Pachycephalosaurs, smaller sauropods> nearly extinct at end of Cret., Stegosaurs disappeared; ankylosaurs take over. T.Rex + other coelurosaurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups part of- Ceratopsians, sister group to Psittacosaurs and Ceratopsids, Paraphyletic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups part of- Dinosaurs, a sister group to Ornithichia, Groups they contain- Sauropodomorphs (claw on thumb, long neck, small heads), Theropods (knife-like teeth, splint-like fibula, hollow bones), Monophyletic, neck vertebrae lengthened, semi-opposable thumb |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Groups part of- Saurishchia, sister groups are Theropods (knife-like teeth, splint-like fibula, hollow bones), Groups they contain- "Prosauropods, Sauropods (stumpy hands and feet, short distal limb bones, nostrils migrate to top of skull) Monophyletic, Claw on thumb, extremely long neck, small heads |
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| are Sauropodomorphs on the left branch of the Saurischians. The novelties are presently unclear |
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| are Sauropodomorphs on the left branch of the Saurischians. They have a large body size, stout limbs (reduced feet and toes), foot pad, femur much longer than tibia/fibula, and nostrils on the top of the head |
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| branch off to the right of the Saurischians. They have large serrated recurved teeth, 1-11-111 hand, 11-111-1V foot, hollow bones, maxillary foramen, fibula reduced, tail simplified, and large claws on their hands |
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| are Theropods, which are Saurischians. They have low horns on the top of their head |
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| are Theropods, which are Saurischians. They have stiffening of the distal portion of the tail, large hands, pubic foot, and the 4th digit on the hand is lost |
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| are Tetanurans, which are Saurischians. They have big heads, big eyes, small arms, and short necks |
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| are Tetanurans, which are Saurschians. They have ossified clavicles, large bony sternums, long arms, and on the hand the combined lengths of phalanges 1-11 are less than the length of phalanx 111 (What is starred is what distinguishes them/the unique characteristics) |
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| loss of all teeth and branched off from Coelurosaurs. |
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| I-II hand, small forelimbs, banana teeth. Branched off from Coelurosaurs. |
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| I-II hand, small forelimbs, banana teeth. Branched off from Coelurosaurs. |
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| Semilunate carpus, ulna bowed, highly stabilized (stiffened) tail, pubis reversed* |
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| retractable toe with huge claw *(toe #2), feathers, branched off after maniraptors. |
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| Retractable toe with huge claw, in Dromaeosaurs group. |
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| wings (long arms & feathers), carpometacarpus* (wrist and hand bones fused), loss of teeth*, hollow bones, pygostyle *(short fused tail), tarsometatarsus (ankle & foot bones fused), perching foot, wishbone, keeled sternum, powered flight *. Branched off from Maniraptors. |
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| wings, perching foot, long tail, claws on fingers, teeth. Branched off from Maniraptors. |
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| Amphibians, 1 temporal fenestra (hole) on either side, dominated Paleozoic terrestrial realm and declined Mid-late Triassic. Novelty is Amniotes: aminioticc egg, internal fertilization, waterproof skin, and improved lungs. Trends in evolution: Improved food processing, changes in hearing, locomotion, and physiology. |
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| early synapsids, late Triassic, originally very small> influenced evolution of hair. Mesozoic mammals very small/unspecialized> beaver-like in Jurassic> mammals evolved an aquatic lifestyle 100mya earlier than originally thought. |
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| Living mammal, distinctive reproductive characters> lay eggs> young lick milk from mother’s hair- milk secreted from pores in skin (no nipples). Platypus (eggs in nest to nurture) and Echidna (pouch for eggs). |
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| living mammal, distinctive reproductive characters> young develop in uterus for longer time, born well developed, no pouch. Key novelty is the placenta that provides oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste> baby attached to placenta through umbilical cord, baby born with placenta. Get milk from nipples. Most diverse mammals today. Primates, cats/dogs, whales, cows, horses, bats, rodents, rabbits, manatees, anteaters. |
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| living mammal, distinctive reproductive characters> no eggs, live births. Very immature babies when born, crawls to mother’s pouch and continues development, milk from nipples. Kangaroo, Koala, Wombat, Tasmanian wolf, N.Amer. opossum (young dangle from mom’s nipples). |
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| Early Amphibs were big and wacky> extinct Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary some survived to become earliest relatives of living amphibians> monophyletic group. Frogs Triass-Modern, Salamanders- early Jurass, Caecilians- Jurass N.Amer. |
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| Anapsids (no fenestra), suborbital foramen> holes at roof of mouth |
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| Only anapsid reptiles alive today, late Triass. Diversity Cretaceous, only 260 species left. Primitively terrestrial, but some returned to ocean. No teeth (convergent with Armored dinos, Iguanodontids, and Hadrosaurs.) Shell, Lower that covered chest> plastron, upper that covered back> carapace from ribs and vertebrae. |
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| Diapsid skull-two holes on the sides of their heads. |
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| -Thecodonty
-Antoribital fenestra
-Mandibular fenestra |
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| Diapsids* (another type of reptiles) |
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(type of diapsid) double jointed jaw bone allows them to open mouth very
wide |
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(type of diapsid) also have double jointed jaw bone…lizards are
paraphyletic, gave rise to snakes |
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| three main groups are crocodilians, pterosaurs and dinosaurs |
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| type of amniote that returned to sea rather than being terrestrial |
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| fish lizards, strictly marine, gave live birth in water |
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| extinct group of fully marine lizards, lived during the Mesozoic Era |
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| live in freshwater and saltwater tropical oceans, close to land |
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| winged lizards, first flying vertebrates to evolve |
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| nearly extinct by end of Cretaceous |
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