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Geology 111 Test 4
Groundwater & Earthquakes Test
79
Geology
Undergraduate 2
11/06/2012

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Term
Wood
Definition
Safest material for houses in an earthquake zone
Term
Focus
Definition
Site of the first break in rock
Term
Motion
Definition
In an earthquake, the cause of damage to tall buildings
Term
Epicenter
Definition
Position on the surface directly above the break
Term
Earthquake
Definition
Result of energy deforming the surface
Term
Tsunamis
Definition
Large high energy wave passing through deep water
Term
Richter
Definition
Scale which measures magnitude
Term
Suffocation
Definition
First consequences of a gas leak
Term
Seismograph
Definition
Paper-trace of earth movement
Term
Secondary
Definition
Kind of wave where particles move perpendicular to the direction of dispersal of energy
Term
Turbidity Flow
Definition
Mass wasting event underneath the ocean
Term
Mid Oceanic Ridge
Definition
Site of most earthquakes
Term
Joint
Definition
Break in rock across which there is NO movement
Term
Subduction Zone
Definition
Site of most deep focus earthquakes
Term
Mercali
Definition
Scale based on relative damage to human structures
Term
Fire
Definition
Caused the most damage in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Term
Surface
Definition
Type of wave which causes the most damage
Term
Fault
Definition
Break in rock across which movement occurs
Term
Seismologist
Definition
Geologists who study earthquakes
Term
Anchorage
Definition
Site of the largest measured earthquake in the U.S.
Term
New Madrid
Definition
Site of the largest earthquake in North America
Term
Infrastructure
Definition
Damaged by differential movement
Term
Mass wasting
Definition
Down-slope movement of regolith
Term
Insipient Ridge
Definition
Cause of over 2,000 earthquakes in central U.S.
Term
Chicken
Definition
Organism which predicts earthquake activity fastest
Term
Benioff Zone
Definition
Plunging zone of earthquake activity
Term
Park
Definition
Best use for area challenged by a geologic hazard
Term
Liquefaction
Definition
Result from earthquakes through saturated sediments
Term
Primary
Definition
Type of wave which travels the fastest
Term
Gravel
Definition
Sediment with greatest permeability
Term
Tuffa
Definition
Limestone where air is blown in by turbulence
Term
Sinkhole
Definition
Surface expression of collapsed cavern
Term
Confined
Definition
Where aquicludes occur between surface and water table
Term
Stalagtites
Definition
Spires formed from top of cavern
Term
Stalagmites
Definition
Spires formed on the floor of a cavern
Term
Drinking
Definition
Primary use of groundwater
Term
Aeration Zone
Definition
Zone where pores are at least partially filled with air
Term
Groundwater
Definition
Water that flows to the sea beneath the land surface
Term
SVE
Definition
Surface Vacuum Extraction
Term
Dissolved Phase
Definition
Phase in solution
Term
Hydrolic Conductivity
Definition
The potential to transmit water
Term
Effluent
Definition
River system where water flows from groundwater to river
Term
Volatile Phase
Definition
Gaseous phase in soil
Term
Saltwater incurrsion
Definition
Saltwater flowing into cone of depression
Term
Cone of Depression
Definition
Water table depression by over-use
Term
Pore
Definition
Space between the grains
Term
Solution Valley
Definition
Elongated sink hole
Term
Travertine
Definition
Mineral which forms cave landforms
Term
Magma
Definition
Source of heat for gysers
Term
Saturated Zone
Definition
Zone where all pores are filled with water
Term
LNAPL
Definition
Light None Aqueous Phase Liquid
Term
Porosity
Definition
The percentage of rock volume taken up by pores
Term
Soil Water
Definition
Water trapped in pore spaces by adhesion to grains
Term
Unconfined
Definition
Groundwater system where rain can infiltrate
Term
Sparging
Definition
Pushing water into dissolved phase to volatize gasoline
Term
Recharge Zone
Definition
Zone where water enters confined water table
Term
Differential
Definition
Type of motion which causes most damage to infrastructure
Term
Spring
Definition
What happens when ground surface cuts water table
Term
Free Phase
Definition
Liquid pure gasoline on water
Term
Regional Flow
Definition
Name for direction of movement of groundwater
Term
Artesian Wells
Definition
Confined water which reaches the surface
Term
Permeability
Definition
The amount of water transmitted by soils
Term
Cockfield
Definition
Local unconfined aquifer
Term
Connate
Definition
Trapped groundwater
Term
Gradient
Definition
Velocity/Height
Term
Granite
Definition
Igneous rock with very low porosity
Term
Flowstone
Definition
Flat lying limestone on cave floor
Term
Gyser
Definition
Super-heated water reaching the surface
Term
Depression
Definition
Response of water table to over-use
Term
Perched Water Table
Definition
Water table above regional water table
Term
Terrace
Definition
Aquifer which is easiest to pollute
Term
Aquifer
Definition
Soils which allow water to pass freely
Term
Infiltration
Definition
Soaks in
Term
LUST
Definition
Underground storage which leaks
Term
Water Table
Definition
2-Dimensional surface which separates the vadose and the saturated zone
Term
Aquiclude
Definition
Soils which do NOT allow water to pass
Term
Pore Throat
Definition
Controlling factor in the flow of water beneath the surface
Term
Irrigation
Definition
Spreading groundwater out for plants
Term
Pollution
Definition
Introduction of anything which decreases life
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