Term
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Definition
| Lines of equal elevation on a topographic map |
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Term
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Definition
| Map representing only the horizontal features of a land surface. (2D) |
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Definition
| Section of a topographic map that is bounded by lines of latitude and longitude |
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Definition
| Imaginary lines measured from the equator (0) to the North Pole (90N) or the South Pole (90S). Can be subdivided into Minutes (') and Seconds (") |
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Term
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Definition
| Imaginary lines measured from the Prime Meridian (0) to Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Can be subdivided into Minutes (') and Seconds (") |
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Term
| Two most common Quadrangle Map sizes |
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Definition
| 15-minute and 7 1/2 minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Indication of the difference in degrees between True North and Magnetic North on a topographic map. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contour lines that have the elevation printed on them. (Darker Brown) |
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Term
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Definition
| All contour lines are multiples of the contour intervals. |
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Term
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Definition
| (BM) A permanent marker (usually a metal plate) placed by the U.S. Geological Survey or Bureau of Land Management at the point indicated on the map. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest points on a topographic map. |
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Term
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Definition
A measure of the steepness of a slope.
Gradient = (Rise or fall between A and B)/(Distance between A and B) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indication of the relation between one unit of measurement on map A, and another unit of measurement on map B. (1:24,000) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indication between the fractional relationship of map A and map B. (1/24,000) (1 24,000 of its actual size) |
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Term
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Definition
| Scales expressed with words in terms of common distances. (1 in. = 6 2/3 football fields) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules for measuring distances on a map. (bottom of map) |
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Term
| U.S. Public Land Survey System |
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Definition
(PLS) Classification of maps into Principal Meridians (North/South) and Base Lines (East/West).
North-South: Townships
East-West: Ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| Subdivision of townships into 36, 1 mile squares. |
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Term
| Global Positioning System |
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Definition
| (GPS) Most GPS receivers are 12 channel parallel receivers. (Capable of receiving/processing radio signals from as many as twelve satellites at the same time) |
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Term
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Definition
| Survey or navigational framework. (GPS) |
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Term
| Universal Transverse Mercator System |
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Definition
(UTM) A global military navigation/grid coordinate system developed by NIMA. (Rectangularly measured in meters)
Zones: Easting/Northing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cross section that shows the elevations and slopes along a given line. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Stereo Pair) 3D image developed by taking two air photos from slightly different perspectives |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how geologic units (bodies of rock/sediment) are arranged when first formed and how they are deformed afterward. |
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Term
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Definition
| Undergo deformation, such as a change in shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat (two dimensional) maps that use different colors/symbols to represent the different units of rock or sediment and their positions |
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Term
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Definition
Mappable rock units:
Subdivided into Members and Beds |
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Term
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Definition
| boundaries between geologic units |
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Term
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Definition
| A drawing of a vertical slice through the Earth, with the material in front of it removes. It shows the arrangement of formations and their contacts. Shows topography. |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of the geologic map and cross section. It looks like a solid block with a geologic map on top of it and a geologic cross section on each of its visible sides. |
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Term
| Three representations of the Earth used by Structural Geologists |
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Definition
| Geologic Map, Geologic Cross Section, and Block Diagram |
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Term
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Definition
| The orientation of a rock unit or surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The compass bearing of a line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and an inclined layer of rock, fault, fracture, or other surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined (tilted) stratum, fault, or fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Line that is always perpendicular to the line of strike |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined surface |
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Term
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Definition
| An unconformity between relatively parallel strata |
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Term
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Definition
| An unconformity between nonparallel strata |
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Term
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Definition
| As unconformity between sedimentary rock/sediment and non-sedimentary (igneous/metamorphic) rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks in rock units along which movement has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
Top: Hanging Wall
Bottom: Footwall |
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Term
| Three types of Faults + Stress |
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Definition
Normal, Tension
Reverse, Compression
Thrust = Low-angle
Strike-Slip (lateral), shear |
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Term
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Definition
Folds in rock strata
Anticline: Oldest rocks in the middle
Syncline: Youngest rocks in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| (Hinge Line) Axis around which each stratum is bent in a fold. Positioned on the axial plane. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the fold axis plunges to the ground, instead of being horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between the fold axis and horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| the bearing, measured in the direction of the plunge |
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Term
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Definition
| When a fold is tilted such that one limb is upside down. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fold that has two axial planes, that separate two nearly horizontal limbs from a single, more inclined limb. (Domes/Basins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Groundwater that seeps into a stream via porous rocks, fractures, and springs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stream that flows continuously throughout the year. (Blue Lines) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stream that flows intermittently throughout the year. (Blue line segments separated by three blue dots) |
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Term
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Definition
Overflow of banks
Responsible for most damage in U.S. annually |
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Term
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Definition
| Transported/Deposited sediment |
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Term
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Definition
Dendritic
Rectangular
Radial
Centripedal
Annular
Trellis
Deranged |
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Term
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Definition
| Branching of a tree, common where streams cut into flat lying layers of rock or sediment, or homogeneous rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of channels at right-angle bends, that develops over rocks that are fractured or faulted in two main directions that are perpendicular. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channel flow outward from a central area, resembling the spokes of a wheel, that occurs on conical hills, such a as volcanoes/structural domes |
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Term
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Definition
| Drainage channels converge on a centripetal point,such as a closed basin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of incomplete, concentric rings of streams completed by short radial channels, that form on alternating folded layers of resistant and nonresistant rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Resembles a vine trellis, that forms on parallel ridges of alternating resistant and non resistant rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| a random pattern of stream channels that seem to have no relationship to underlying rock types or geologic structures |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire area of land that is drained by one stream |
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Term
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Definition
| The imaginary line that divides one drainage basin from another |
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Term
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Definition
| Highest elevation points of a stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Point of origin for a stream |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Main factors in the formation of river valleys |
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Definition
Geology
Gradient (ft./mi.)
Base Level
Discharge (ft^3/sec.)
Load |
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Term
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Definition
| When alluvium develops landward of the river banks, during floods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tributary that flows alongside a river for a significant distance, because it cannot get over the levee. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural walls on the side of the river built of sediment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Delta shaped deposition of material at the end of a river |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs where a steep gradient stream suddenly enters a flat, wide area. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Underground zone above the water table |
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Term
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Definition
| Underground zone below the water table |
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Term
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Definition
| Water in the saturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock strata that conduct water |
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Term
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Definition
| Impermeable bedrock materials that prevent the flow of water |
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Term
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Definition
The slope of the water table surface
Normally higher uphill |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinctive topography that indicates dissolution of underlying soluble rock, generally limestone |
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Term
| Most common acid in rainwater |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical indicators of Karst Topography |
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Definition
Sinkholes
Solution Valleys
Springs
Disappearing Streams |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface depressions formed by the collapse of caves or other large underground void spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Valley-like depressions formed by a linear series of sinkholes or collapse of the roof of a linear cave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Places where water flows naturally from the ground (from spaces between the bedrock) |
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Term
| Streams that terminate abruptly be seeping into the ground |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Underground cavity large enough for a person to enter |
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Term
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Definition
| Icicles of limestone hanging from the ceiling of caves |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcite formations on the floor of a cave |
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Term
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Definition
| Wells where water flows naturally from the top |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The refilling of an aquifer with water |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a rising sea level, a submergent coastline is one that is flooding/receding.
Transgression: Water level rising
Subsidence: Land getting lower |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a falling sea level, an emergent coastline is one that is being elevated above sea level and building out into the water.
Regression: Water level falling
Uplift: Land rising |
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Term
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Definition
| A long, narrow island that parallels the mainland coastline and is separated from the mainland by a lagoon, tidal flat, or salt marsh. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gently sloping deposit of sand or gravel along the edge of a shoreline |
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Term
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Definition
| The highest part of a beach; it separates the foreshore (seaward part of the shoreline) from the backshore (landward part of the shoreline) |
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Term
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Definition
| A fan-shaped deposit of sand or gravel transported and deposited landward of the beach during a storm or very high tide |
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Term
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Definition
| A river valley flooded by a rise in the level of an ocean or lake. (a flooded glacial valley is called a fjord) |
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Term
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Definition
| A water current in the surf zone (zone where waves break). It flows slowly parallel to shoreline, driven by waves that were caused by wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sediment deposit at the mouth of a river where it enters an ocean or lake |
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Term
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Definition
| Projection of land that extends into an ocean or lake and generally has cliffs along its water boundary |
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Term
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Definition
| A sand bar extending from the end of a beach into the mouth of an adjacent bay |
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Term
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Definition
| Muddy or sandy area that is covered with water at high tide and exposed at low tide |
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Term
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Definition
| A marsh that is flooded by ocean water at high tide |
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Term
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Definition
| (sea cliff) Seaward-facing cliff along a steep shoreline, produced by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| A bench or shelf at sea level (or lake level) along a steep shore, and formed by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| An elevated platform that is bounded on its seaward side by a cliff or steep slope (and formed when a wave-cut platform is elevated by uplift or regression). |
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Term
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Definition
| An isolated rocky island near a headland cliff |
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Term
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Definition
| A sand bar that connects an island with the mainland or another island |
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Term
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Definition
| An island connected to the main land or another island by a tombolo |
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Term
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Definition
| An embankment of boulders, reinforced concrete, or other material constructed against a shoreline to prevent erosion by waves |
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Term
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Definition
| An offshore wall constructed parallel to a shoreline to break waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| (groyne) A short wall constructed perpendicular to shoreline in order to trap sand and make or build up a beach. Sand accumulates on the up-current side of the groin in relation to the longshore current |
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Term
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Definition
| Long walls extending from shore at the mouths of harbors and used to protect the harbor entrance from filling with sand or being eroded by waves and currents. (Boulders) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulge of water pushed landward by abnormally high winds and/or low atmospheric pressure associated with storms. (2-24ft, but most are 2-3ft.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Point on map above the focus |
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Term
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Definition
| Underground origin of earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| (Earthquake Waves) Elastic waves of vibration and shaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease the probability of |
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Term
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Definition
| A record of seismic wave motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Instruments used to detect seismic waves |
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Term
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Definition
Waves that travel through the Earth's surface:
P-waves=Primary
S-Waves=Secondary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can move/produce and earthquake at the present |
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Term
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Definition
The initial pen motion of a seismograph which represents the RX of the P-Wave to dilation (pulling rocks apart) or compression (squeezing rocks together).
First Up: Compression
First Down: Dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Faults that do not break the earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
Gathering Evidence
Running Tests
Engaging in Discourse
Making Inferences |
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Term
| Spatial Scale of Observation |
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Definition
Global
Regional
Local
Hand Sample
Microscopic
Atomic |
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Term
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Definition
| Index to the book of geologic history |
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Term
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Definition
| Tentative ideas to investigate and test |
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Term
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Definition
| Activity planned and conducted to test hypotheses, gather and record data, make measurements, or control and explore variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of the EM spectrum that are defined and named according to their wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
True color: way thins appear to human eye
False color: normally invisible bands of EM radiation |
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