Term
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Definition
| downhill movement of soil and rock fragments induced by gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the downward falling or sliding of a mass of soil, detritus, or rock on or from a steep slope. |
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Definition
| the force of attraction by which terrestrial bodies tend to fall toward the center of the earth. |
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Definition
| surface resistance to relative motion, as of a body sliding or rolling. |
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Definition
| the steepest angle of descent or dip of the slope relative to the horizontal plane when material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. aka the internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface. |
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Definition
| the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction. |
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Term
| Motion: Fall, Slip, Slide, Slump, and Flow |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the slow downslope movement of particles that occurs on every slope covered with loose, weathered material. |
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Term
| Solifluction (mass wasting) |
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Definition
| aka soil fluction, is a type of mass wasting where waterlogged sediment moves slowly downslope, over impermeable material. |
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Term
| Hydrologic Cycle: Evaporation |
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Definition
| the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. |
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Term
| Hydrologic Cycle: Precipitation |
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Definition
| condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface . |
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Term
| Hydrologic Cycle: Infiltration |
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Definition
| the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| the variety of ways by which water moves across the land, this includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. |
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Term
| Hydrologic Cycle: Transpiration |
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Definition
| the release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air, water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Vadose zone, is the part of Earth between the land surface and the top of the phreatic zone i.e. the position at which the groundwater (the water in the soil's pores) is at atmospheric pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the area in an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure, may be conveniently visualized as the "surface" of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes by which ground water is absorbed into the zone of saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka "losing stream" because of gradual water loss, is a stream that contributes water to the zone of saturation of groundwater and develops bank storage. (Nile & Colorado) |
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Term
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Definition
| a gaining stream that gets water from groundwater, and changes according to the water table. They become wider and deeper as they go downstream. (Mississippi & Amazon) |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water out of an area of saturated soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can move through pore spaces or fractures. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move, aquifers must be both permeable and porous. Wells usually take from Aquifers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bed of low permeability adjacent to an aquifer; may serve as a storage unit for ground. Found usually above the main water table/aquifer but below the surface of the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| an impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater. |
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Term
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Definition
| are those into which water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer. |
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Term
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Definition
| are those in which an impermeable dirt/rock layer exists that prevents water from seeping into the aquifer from the ground surface located directly above. Instead, water seeps into confined aquifers from farther away where the impermeable layer doesn't exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. This causes the water level in a well to rise to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium has been reached. |
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Term
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Definition
| any natural situation where water flows to the surface of the Earth from underground. Thus, a spring is a site where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table, in the vadose zone. This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment (aquiclude) or relatively impermeable layer (aquitard) above the main water table/aquifer but below the surface of the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Caves form naturally by the weathering of rock and they often extend deep underground. |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural depression or hole in the Earth's surface caused by karst processes — for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes in sandstone. |
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Term
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Definition
| a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in an aquifer when groundwater is pumped from a well. In an unconfined aquifer (water table), this is an actual depression of the water levels. In confined aquifers (artesian), the cone of depression is a reduction in the pressure head surrounding the pumped well. |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for material, especially ions from chemical weathering, that are carried in solution by a stream. i.e. salt/sugar in water |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the sediment that is carried by a fluid flow which settle slowly enough such that it almost never touches the bed. i.e. sand, flakes, particles |
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Term
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Definition
| particles in a flowing fluid (usually water) that are transported along the bed. i.e. rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose material is removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. i.e. sand being lifted and carried until depositing again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest particle a river can carry |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of sediments a river can transport downstream is called its "capacity". |
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Term
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Definition
| Abrasion is the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport by wind, glacier, waves, gravity, running water or erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. They eventually form a "v" shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way a river valley forms naturally with the V tip following the river upstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. |
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Term
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Definition
| a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a path of relatively shallow and narrow body of fluid specifically its bed and banks, most commonly the confine of a river, river delta or strait. aka a waterway between two land masses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme U-bend in a stream, usually occurring in a series, that is caused by flow characteristics of the water. Meanders form in stream-deposited sediments and may stack up upstream of an obstruction, resulting in a gooseneck or extremely bowed meander. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low, curved ridge of sand and gravel along the inner bank of a meandering stream. Point bars form through the slow accumulation of sediment deposited by the stream when its velocity drops along the inner bank. |
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Term
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Definition
| An oxbow lake is a U-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stream consisting of multiple small, shallow channels that divide and recombine numerous times forming a pattern resembling the strands of a braid. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids (i.e. sediment), dissolved chemical species, and/or biologic material, which is transported through a given cross-sectional area. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross section of a stream or valley beginning at the source and continuing to the mouth. Essentially a side view of the river looking at it's path down. |
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Term
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Definition
| the furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest point to which it can flow, often referred to as the 'mouth' of the river. For large rivers, sea level is usually the base level, but a large river or lake is likewise the base level for tributary streams. |
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Term
| base level raised vs. base level lowered |
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Definition
| If a river is dammed, a new base level (the level of the reservoir) replaces the ultimate base level. As a result, the stream’s base level is raised. The same can happen if lowered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stream in which, over a period of years, slope is adjusted to yield the velocity required for transportation of the load supplied from the drainage basin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams. |
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Term
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Definition
| a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded one side by a steeper ascending slope, which called a "riser" or "scarp." They are remnants of floodplains. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Border of a drainage basin. |
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Term
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Definition
| an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendritic (tree like), Trellis (straight with non linking strains), radial (like volcanic), Rectangular (rectangles) |
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Term
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Definition
| a stream or river that flows into a main stem (or parent) river or a lake. |
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Term
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Definition
| a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physically weathering rock through a decrease in pressure allowing the outer layers of the rock to expand and sperate |
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Term
| Driving force of mass wasting |
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Definition
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Term
| This force acts to prevent mass movement |
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Definition
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Term
| A material with a slope greater than the angle of repose is more likely to be stable, unstable, or not predictable |
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Definition
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Term
| After heavy rainfall, an area may become unstable since added water along the bedding planes does this... |
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Definition
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Term
| Vegetation tends to make an area unstable, true or false? |
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Definition
| false - vegetation adds to stability |
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Term
| Mass wasting is classified by what? |
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Definition
| the type of material, kind of motion, and velocity of movement. |
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Term
| What type of motion occurs when fairly coherent material moves downslope along a curved surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Undercutting by wave action can lead to a... |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of slow mass movement occurs due to expansion and contraction of the surface material... |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is absorbed by plants and released to the atmosphere during... |
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Definition
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Term
| The unsaturated zone has pore spaced filled with... |
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Definition
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Term
| A stream that gains some water from groundwater discharge is called ____ and will OR won't flow after runoff stops |
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Definition
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Term
| A material with high porosity and low permeability will have ____ pore spaces that are ____ connected |
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Definition
| many pore spaces that are well connected |
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Term
| A material with large, round, well-sorted sediment without cementing material has how much porosity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fine-grained clay or shale will _____ water movement and thus would be a good ____ |
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Definition
| prevent movement and therefor be a good aquiclude |
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Term
| In an artesian well, water rises to the surface because the water is under high _____ in a confined aquifer |
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Definition
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Term
| If an impermeable layer sits above the main water table, a localized ____ zone will form creating a perched water table |
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Definition
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Term
| Groundwater dissolves limestone to make caves but as the caves enlarge, support is removed and collapse produces... |
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Definition
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