1.) Observation

2.) Hypothesis

3.) Test

4.) Theory

Atmosphere: Earth's Gaseous Envelope, Light Density

Hydrosphere: "Blue Planet." Mid-range density.

Biosphere: Earth's life forms.

Geosphere: Most dense sphere. Lies beneath the hydrosphere and atmosphere. Extends from the surface to the center of the planet.

1.) Lithosphere: Uppermost mantle and crust. Averages 100km in thinkness. Strong

2.) Asthenosphere: extends to 350km. Ductile and soft.

3.)Transition Zone: dense, where pressure causes new minerals to form.

4.) Lower Mantle: Pressure makes zone extremely dense.

5.) Outer Core: Liquid.

6.) Inner Core: Solid.

Tectonic Plates

1.)Where are they located?

2.) What is the driving force behind them?

3.)What is the theory?

4.) What evidence suggests Waegner's theory?

1.) Lithosphere.

2.) Convection Model

3.) The theory that proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and the crust itself.

4.) Sea-floor spreading

1.)Which Boundaries do earthquakes occur at?

2.) Where do volcanoes form?

1.) All boundaries.

2.) Hotspots, divergent boundaries and convergent boundaries.

1.) Divergent Boundary: Rift Velley, continental rift. Tension.

Convergent Boundary: Deep Ocean Trench, ocean vs. ocean, cont. vs. cont., ocean vs. cont. Compression

Transform Boundary: Shear.

1.) What are mineral polymorphs?

2.) What are the polymorphs of carbons?

3.) Most abundant mineral in the crust.

1.) Two or more minerals having the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures. Exemplified by the diamond and graphite forms of carbon.

2.) Diamond and Graphite.

3.) Silicates.

1.) How are igneous rocks formed?

2.) What are the two types of igneous rocks?

1.) The partial melting and cooling of magma.

2.) Intrusive and Extrusive.

1.) What is weathering?

2.) What is erosion?

1.) Weathering is the decomposition/disintegration of surface rocks-becomes sediment.

2.) Erosion is the trasportation of rocks via a mobile agent (i.e water, wind and ice).

1.) Hydrolysis

2.) Oxidation

3.) Dissolution

1.) Minerals are altered by their interaction with water and acids. Adding to...

2.) Oxygen reacts with the iron in the mineral creating rust.

3. ) Rocks dissolving into water via acidic principles. Taking away from...

1.) Mechanical Weathering

i.) Sub categories

1.) Rock is broken into smaller and smaller pieces.

i. Frost Wedging

Salt Crystal Growth

Unloading

Thermal Expansion

Biological Activity

1.) What is sediment and where does it come from?

2.) What are the 3 types of sedimentary rocks and where do they come from?

1.) Sediment comes from weathering and erosion.

2.) Detrital: comes from mechanical erosion. Chemical: Chemical weathering. Biochemical: Plant and animal life.

1.) Mud Cracks

2.) Beds

3.) Bedding Planes

4.) Cross-bedding

5.) Graded Beds

6.) Ripple Marks

7.) Fossils

1.) Wet mud eventually dries and cracks.

2.) Sedimentary rocks form layers and accumulate.

3.) Flat surfaces upon which rocks tend to sperate and break.

4.) When sediment does not accumulate in horizontal beds.

5.) Beds that are coarse at the bottom and smooth at the top.

6.) Small waves of sand that develop on the surface of sediment.

7.) The remains or traces of prehistoric life.

1.) How are sedimentary rocks formed?

1.) Diagenesis: the chemical, physical and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited and during and after lithification.

LITHIFICATION: compaction and cementation.

1.) Temperature, pressure (stress) and chemically active fluids.

1.) 3 types of metamorphism

2.) Where do they occur?

3.) what boundary types are they associated with?

1.) Regional, Shock and Contact.

2.) Contact: surround a molten igneous body and are baked. Occurs in batholiths and and volcanic chambers.

Shock: Occurs when highspeed projectiles strike the earth's surface.

Regional: Mountain building, earths crust is deformed by the pressures of converging plates.

3.) Shock: anywhere

Regional: Convergent

Contact: Any feature associated with magam chambers.

1.) What is Foliation?

2.) Will limestone or sandstone foliate under directed pressure? why?

1.) refers to any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within a rock.

2.) No it will not foliate because the calcite crystals begin to interlock under direct heat and or pressure.

1.) Relative Age Dating

2.) Absolute Age Dating

1.) Rocks are placed in their sequence of formation.

2.) Absolute Age dating finding when the exact age of a rock using radiometric dating and radiocarbon dating.

1.)

a. Law of Superposition: horizontal beds are older on bottom and younger on top

b. Original Horizontality: undisturbed beds are deposited in horizontal layers

c. Cross-cutting relationships: The layer being cross cutted is older than the the intrusion.

1.)

a. Angular: tilted or folded sedimentary rocks that are overlain by younger, more, flat-lying strata.

b. Disconformity: older erosion surfaces or deposited on.

c. Nonconformity: older intrusive igneous rocks are separated by an uplift and deposition of younger sedimentary rocks.

Geologic Time Scale

1.) Oldest eon & age

2.) current Eon & age

3.) List the three current eras from youngest to oldest.

1) Precambien >542 my.

2.)Phanerozoic <542 my.

3.) Cenozoic <65.5 my

Mesozoic 65.5my-251 mya

Paleozoic 251mya-542mya

1.) Fall: Freefall movement.

Slide-

Rotational Slides: The descending movement is down and outward.

Translational Slides: moves along joint, fault or bedding plane.

Flow: When material moves downslope as a visous fluid.

1.) Fastest:

Rock Avalanche

Slump (downward sliding of rock or unconsolidated material)

Rock Slides (blocks of bedrock break loose and slide down a slope)

1.) What are natural triggers of mass wasting.

2.) What are human triggers?

1.) Heavy Rains

Earthquakes

Oversteepened Slopes

2.)Removal of vegetation

Deforestation