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Geology 101 Lecture Final
NIC Outlook Center McFadden 2011
138
Geology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2011

Additional Geology Flashcards


 

 


 

Cards

Term

The Michigan Basin of Silurian time is famous for its accumulation of great thicknesses of:

 

  •  Black Shales
  • Pure Limestones
  • Evaporate Minerals
  • Coal Deposits
  • Gravel
Definition

Evaporate Minerals

 

Exam #3

Term

Rocks shed from the Antler Orogeny eastward down into the tectonic trough toward present-day Montana were predominantely:

  • Clastic sediments
  • Micrite Limsetones
  • Arkoses
  • Flood basalts
  • Oolitic limestones
Definition

Clastic Sediments

 

Exam #3

Term

Fast, agile predatory Devonian fish with jaws(and many fins) are known as:

  • Acanthadonians
  • Ostracoderms
  • Sharks
  • Placoderms
  • Spiny Rays
Definition

Acanthadonians

 

Exam #3

Term

This carnivorous reptile with a fan-like, finned back, common in Permian time was an important ancestor of the dinosaurs.

  • Ichthyosaurus
  • Triceratops
  • Dimetrodon
  • Hadrosaurus
  • Lystrosaurus
Definition

Dimetrodon

 

#3

Term

 The Permian Delaware and Midland basins of Texas are famous for deposists of evaporite minerals and associated

  • Uranium
  • Coal
  • Phosphate
  • Oil
  • Gravel
Definition

Oil

 

#3

Term

The lower parts of the cyclotherms in the eastern U.S. are economically important because they contain significant deposits of ______ in Pennsylvanian rocks:

  • Uranium
  • Phosphate
  • Arkose
  • Marine Limestone
  • Coal
Definition

Coal

 

#3

Term

Permian reefs contained ma unusual organisms, but were noteworthy for the presence of :

  • Large Trilobites
  • Mud Mounds
  • Sponges
  • Crinoid Thickets
  • Eurypterids

 

Definition

Sponges

 

#3

Term

Small coral "patch reefs", some growing n the same site repeatedly to form tall pinnacle structures in the rock record, are dominant in this Period of geological time:

  • Archean
  • Mississippian
  • Cambrian
  • Proterozoic
  • Silurian
 
Definition

Silurian

 

 

#3

Term

Karst is a term applied to essentially "dissolved" landscapes from long-term weathering of exposed:

  • Granites
  • Shales
  • Sandstones
  • limestones
  • Lava flows
Definition

Limestones

 

#3

Term

Triassic basins developed in the present eastern U.S. during Triassic time are the result of tectonic:

  • Uplift of the eastern part of N.A.
  • Strike-slip faulting along a transform plate-boundary
  • Extension from continental crust rifting
  • Formation of an east-coast subduction zone
  • Convergence as tectonic plates collided

 

Definition

Extension from continental crust rifting

 

#3

Term

Pangaea first became completly assembles during this period of geological time

  • Pennsylvanian
  • Permian
  • Triassic
  • Jurassic
  • Cretaceous
Definition

Permian

 

#3

Term

These animals resemble a delicate starfish on a long stalk, and are responsible for stablizing sediment and contributing large amounts of debris so that reefs may become established:

  • Brachiopods
  • Chain corals
  • Stromatoporoids
  • Cephalopods
  • Crinoids
Definition

Crinoids

 

#3

Term

The Phosphoria formation of SE Idaho is thought to have been deposited by strong upwelling, nutrient-rich currents:

  • In a river delta complex
  • In a deep ocean basin setting
  • In the shallow shelf near the beach
  • In dense, stagnant mangrove swamps
  • At the shelf edge where the continental slope begins
Definition

At the shelf edge where the continental slope begins

 

#3

Term

The crinoids are the best index fossil representative of ______ time:

  • Devonian
  • Mississippian
  • Pennsylvanian
  • Permian
  • Triassic
Definition

Mississippian

 

#3

Term

True or False:

Extensive, long barrier reefs are common during Devonian time.

Definition

True

 

#3

Term

True or False:

Cosmopolitanism is common in Permain floras and faunas because of mountain building during the assembly of Pangaea.

Definition

False

 

#3

Term

True or False:

The Humboldt Orogeny resulted in a series of basins and block-faulted mountains in the western U.S. during Pennsylvanian time

Definition

True

 

#3

Term

True or False:

Ocean currents on a global scale are more vigorous when a gentle climatic gradient (warm poles and equator) exists without a large temperature contrast.

Definition

False.

Contrasting temperatures at the poles cause vigorous ocean currents on a global scale.

 

#3

Term

True or False:

The Ouachita Orogeny in Arkansas and Texas occurred during Pennsylvanian time.

Definition

True

 

#3

Term

True or False:

Decreasing levels of atmospheric oxygen allow many organisms (such as insects) to attain gigantic proportions.

Definition

False.

High levels of atmospheric oxygen cause gigantism in insects.

 

#3

Term

True or False:

The "petrified forest" in Arizona is of Permian age.

Definition

False

 

#3

Term

True or False:

The Silurian sequence of rocks at Niagara Falls represents a regression.

Definition

False

 

#3

Term

True or False:

Mississippian rocks in the western U.S. are characterized by layers of gray sandstone.

Definition

False.

 

#3

Term

True or False:

During times of rapid sea level rise caused by ice cap build-up and retreat, sea level tends to rise faster than it drops.

Definition

True

 

#3

Term
Which period was the most arid in geologic history?
Definition

Triassic

 

#3

Term
What me was given to the global sea surrouning the all-world supercontinent Pangaea?
Definition

Panthalassa

 

#3

Term
In which period did the major Absaroka transgression occur?
Definition
Mississipian.
Term

Definitions

 

Jawless, bottom-feeding Devonian fish with shelly armor.

Definition
Ostracoderms
Term

Definitions

Arkose deposits of the Ancestral Rockies in Colorado.

Definition

Jefferson Formation

 

#3

Term

Definitions

Shallow marine Mississippian limestones in Montana

Definition

Madison Groups

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Huge Devonian fish the size of a school bus.

Definition

Dunkleosteus

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Large coil-jawed Permian shark in SE Idaho rocks.

Definition

Helicoprion

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Major transgressive event that caused the Mississippian onlap.

Definition

Kaskaskia

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Triassic/Jurassic coastal sand dunes in desert SW U.S.

Definition

Navajo Sandstone

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

A rock composed entirely of fossil crinoid debris.

Definition

encrinite

 

#3 

Term

Definitions

 

Colliding exotic terrane responsible for Antler Orogeny.

Definition

Klamath Terrane

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Chocolate brown limestones in SW Montana originating from the Triassic.

Definition

Dinwoody Formation

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Arkose deposits of the Ancestral Rockies in Colorado.

Definition

Fountain Formation

 

#3

Term

Definitions

 

Plate-covered and armored Devonian fish with jaws.

Definition

Placoderms

 

#3

Term

The Wood River Formation is composed of ______ clastic sediments that filled a small basin near Ketchum and Sun Valley, Idaho from both east and west directions.

  • Devonian
  • Mississippian
  • Pennsylvanian
  • Permian
  • Triassic
Definition

Pennsylvanian

 

#3 bonus Q.

Term

Eurypterids are most commonly found in the depositional environment:

  • Brackish bays (mixed fresh and salt water)
  • Shallow fresh water rivers and streams
  • Deep ocean basins
  • Desert sand dunes
Definition

Brackish Bays

 

#3 bonus Q.

Term

This period of geologic time is notable for extreme temperature contrasts, with very cold polar areas and a tropical equator:

 

  • Devonian
  • Pennsylvanian
  • Mississippian
  • Cambrian

 

Definition

Pennsylvanian

 

#3 bonus Q.

Term

Short Answer

 

What are the four phases of Devonian reef development. Name them in order from top to bottom.

Definition

Domination

Diversification

Colonization

Stablization(pioneer)

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Graded beds of sediment deposited by waningg (slowing) water currents are characterized by:

  • Layers deposited at an angle
  • Fining-upward particle size in a depositional layer
  • The presence of mudcracks
  • The presence of ripple marks
  • The Tracks and burrows of organisms
Definition

Fining-upward particle size in a depositional layer.

Sand-----> Silt

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Sediments that have been bioturbated, resulting in distinct mottling, are the result of:

  • Asteroid impacts
  • Burrowing organisms
  • Tsunamis in shallow seas
  • Low-grade metamorphism
  • Tectonic effects related to continental collision
Definition
Burrowing Organisms
Term

Multiple Choice

 

A sheet-like igneous body which intrudes older rocks by following the existing layers of country rock is known as:

  • Dike
  • Pluton
  • Sill
  • Flow
  • Batholith
Definition

Sill

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The basic raw material required for cement production is:

 

  • shale
  • limestone
  • granite
  • sandstone
  • basalt
Definition

Limestone

 

exam #2

Term

Evidence of extensive "ice-age" glaciation is preserved in the rock record near the end of both _____ and Ordovician time.

 

  • Silurian
  • Cambrian
  • Devonian
  • Mississippian
  • Proterozoic
Definition

Proterozoic

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Organic reefs of Cambrian time were constructed primarly by these organisms:

  • Stromatolites
  • Corals and stromatoporoids
  • Archeocyathids
  • Oysters and clams
  • Brachiopods and crinoids
Definition

Archeocyathids

 


Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The unique, soft=bodied organisms of the Middle Cambrian Burgess fauna lived in a(n) ____ and were deposited in a(n) adjacent:

  • Shallow coral reef, shallow sandstone bed
  • Algal reef, deep water black shale
  • Sandstone bed, basalt flow
  • Shallow continental shelf, sand dune deposit
  • Alpine meadow, lake deposit

Definition

algal reef, deep water black shale

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Rocks of the _____ Group/Formation within the Belt Supergroup are the only unit likely to indicate ocean water entering the basin and depositing abundant carbonate rocks:

  • Ravalli
  • Piegan (middle belt)
  • Missoula
  • Prichard
  • Uinta
Definition

Piegan

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Triolbites are considered an index fossil for this period of Paleozoic time:

 

  • Permian
  • Pennsylvanian
  • Mississippian
  • Cambrian
Definition

Cambrian

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

These shellfish superficially resemble clams, and are important fossils throughout Paleozoic time:

 

  • stromatolites
  • corals
  • archeocyathids
  • acritarchs
  • brachiopods
Definition

brachiopods

 

exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The unique Ediacaran fauna of soft-bodied organisms is of this age:

  • Late Proterozoic
  • Cambrian
  • Silurian
  • Ordovician
  • Devonian

Definition

Late Proterozoic

 

exam #2

 

 

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The Belt basin accumulated a tremendous thickness of sediment, but remained shallow over a long period of geologic time because of the effects of:

  • tidal action
  • orogenies
  • subsidence
  • isostacy
  • subduction
Definition

isostacy

 

exam #2

Term

Diaictites are very good indicators of sediment deposition related to:

  • Rivers
  • Deserts
  • Swamps
  • Glaciers
  • High Mountains
Definition

Glaciers

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The late Proterozoic Windermere Group rocks are characterized by:

  • Fine-grained immature clastic sediments
  • coral reef limestones
  • deep water black shales
  • algal reef limestones
Definition

fine-grained immature clastic sediments

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Rocks of the Belt Supergroup consist mostly of:

  • Intrusive rocks
  • High temperature volcanics
  • pillow lavas
  • greenstone belts
  • slightly metamorphosed sediments
Definition

slightly metamorphosed sediments

 

exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

This unusual large predatory creature of the Burgess Shale is about a meter long with a segmented body and a pair of grabbing tentacles:

  • Hallucegenia
  • Phacops
  • Catenipora
  • Halysites
  • Anomalocaris

Definition

Anomalocaris

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The Proto-Atlantic ocean, closing slowly during the early Paleozoic, is known as the:

  • Tethys
  • Iapetus
  • Hercynian
  • Panthalassa
  • Pacific
Definition

Iapetus

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

"Black Smokers" are:

 

  • Proterozoic lava flows
  • Submarine hot springs
  • Pre-cambrian dust storms
  • Deep-water stromatolites
  • Asteroid impact sites
Definition

submarine hot springs

 

exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The ultimate cause of extinctions among shallow marine organisms during times of global sea-level lowering is generally:

  • Overcrowding
  • Abnormally high water temperatures
  • Starvation
  • Lack of Competition w/in same species
  • Lack of genetic diversity
Definition

Overcrowding

 

Exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The _____ is the fundamental unit of stratigraphy, and describes a distinct rock unit (layer) that is laterally extensive and of mappable thickness:

  • Supergroup
  • Formation
  • member
  • Bed
Definition

Formation

 

Exam #2

Term

True or False

 

Coarse sediemnts of gravel size are very rare and unusual in the Belt Supergroup rocks.

Definition

True.

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

Cosmopolitan organisms are present over a large geographic area. 

Definition

True

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

The Depositional basin for the Belt rocks most likely orignated through crustal faulting related to a continental rifting event. 

Definition

True

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

Paleozoic sediments are much thicker than Precambrian units in both Idaho and Western Montana. 

Definition

False

 

Exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

Windermere sedimentary rocks were deposited as a sediment wedge into the open ocean to the west.

 

 

Definition

True

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

Cephalopods (large squid in long shell) were major late Proterozoan predators.

 

 

Definition

False

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

Major mountain-building is absent in western North America during the early Paleozoic. 

Definition

True.

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

Regressive sequences generally show evidence of erosion that removes the upper part of the stack (sequence) after deposition. 

Definition

True

 

exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

North America was located in a equatorial position during the Cambrian period. 

Definition

True

 

Exam #2

Term

True or False

 

 

The tail portion of a trilobite is known as the cephalon. 

Definition

False!

 

The head portion is known as the "cephalon"

 

Exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Coarse mine waste rock from pre-1930 (local distribution near source).

Definition

Jig Tailings

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

 

Complex cells with a nucleus containing genetic material.

Definition

Eukaryote

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Uppermost stratigraphic unit of the Belt Supergroup

Definition

Missoula

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Cambrian transgressive event.

Definition

Sauk

 

Exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Tectonic trough thought to represent the failed arm of a triple-junction rift center

Definition

Aulacogen

 

Exam#2

Term

Definition

 

Simple cells with no nucleus and asexual reproduction.

Definition

prokaryotes

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Slightly metamorphosed claystone or shale.

Definition

Argilite

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

bizarre Burgess Shale creature with many spikes.

Definition

Hallucigenia

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

late Proterozoic diamictite-bearing unit in S.E. Idaho

Definition

Pocatello Formation

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Major transgression during Ordovician time.

Definition

Tippecanoe

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Fine-grained mine waste, consisting of powedered rock in liquid (far reaching down-streams)

Definition

floatation slimes

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

 

intracratonic basin beginning in early Paleozoic time.

Definition

Williston

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Cambrian rock unit important in local cement production.

Definition

Lakeview Limestone

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

White, resistant basal Ordovician sands in central idaho

Definition

Kinnikinnic Quartzite

 

exam #2

Term

Definition

 

Release dissolved zinc highly toxic to aquatic life.

Definition

Sphalerite

 

exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The oldest unit of the Belt Supergroup is:

  • The missoula group
  • The ravalli group
  • The piegan group
  • the revett formation
  • the prichard formation
Definition

The prichard formation.

 

exam #2

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Plants became new inhabitants of the land during this period of Paleozoic time:

  • Mississippian
  • Pennsylvanian
  • Ordovician
  • Devonian
  • Cambrian
Definition

Cambrian

 

exam #2

Term

Multiples Choices

 

These microfossils resemble tiny teeth and are important index fossils in Paleozoic rocks:

  • Conodonts
  • Acritarchs
  • Graptolites
  • Crinoids
  • Brachiopods
Definition

Conodonts

 

exam #2

Term

True False

 

Eruptions of the Columbia River basalts resulted in extensive global extinction event.

Definition

False

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

Dark tonalites are common along the east side of the Idaho batholith intrusion complex. 

Definition

False.

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The Western Snake River Plain was formed directly by volcanic eruptions from the yellowstone hotspot. 

Definition

False

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The western Cascade mountains are older than the Coast Range. 

Definition

False.

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The Columbia River Basalts were erupted from a series of fissures or tensional cracks during Miocene tim. 

Definition

True.

 

Exam #4

Term

True False

 

The Imnaha Formatino is the oldest unit of all the Columbia River Basalts. 

Definition

True

 

exam #4

Term
Basin and Range fault mountains were formed be extensional tectonic forces.
Definition

True

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The Atlanta Lobe (Idaho Batholith) is younger than the Bitterroot Lobe. 

Definition

False.

 

The Atlanta lobe is oldest

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The chimney of a magma plume is much narrower than the plume head.

 

Definition

True.

 

exam #4

Term

True False

 

The Baker Terrane represents the subduction zone trench sediments of the exotic terrane in Hells Canyon. 

Definition

True

 

Exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The most voluminous and widespreadunit of the Columbia River basalts is the:

  • Grande Ronde
  • Saddle Mountains
  • Wanapum
  • Imnaha
  • Craters of the Moon
Definition

Grande Ronde

 

#4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Which of the following is not characteristic of Tertiary plutons in central Idaho:

  • Relatively shallow depths of emplacement
  • myarolitic(low pressure) cavities
  • smoky quartz crystals
  • Wide contact metamorphism border zones
  • Pink granites
Definition

Wide contact metamorphism border zones

 

#4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

In a cross-sectional view, the Idaho batholith would resemble:

  • a balloon
  • a thick column
  • a thick sill
  • a thick dike
  • a sphere
Definition

a balloon

 

#4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The most commonly accepted idea for the outpouring of Columbia River Basalts is that they are a direct result of:

  • the emergence of a large Miocene mantle plume beneath the area
  • the impact of a huge asteroid that punched completely through the earth's crust
  • Crustal extension in the area, forming cracks perpendicular to the direction of stretching
  • Extreme compression along the western margin of North America
Definition

Crustal extension in the area forming cracks perpendicular to the direction of stretching.

 

Exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

A body of intrusive rock more than 40 square miles in surface area is known specifically as a:

  • Stock
  • Dike
  • Pluton
  • Batholith
  • Sill
Definition

Batholith

 

exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

A chaotic assemblage of large blocks mixed with deformed and metamorphosed fine-grained sediments (as in the Fransiscan Terrane) is known as

  • Flysch
  • Shale
  • Conglomerate
  • Melange
  • Turbidite
Definition

Melange

 

exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

 

The laste three major eruption in the Yellowstone area have been of this composition:

  • andesitic
  • dacitic
  • rhyolitic
  • syenitic
Definition

rhyolitic

 

exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The general term for any intrusive igneous body, regardless of size, is:

  • stock
  • pluton
  • sill
  • batholith
  • dike
Definition

pluton

 

exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The key piece of evidence that some of the Hells Canyon rocks originated in tropical latitudes was the presence of:

  • pillow basalts
  • basaltic lava flows
  • coral reefs
  • metamorphic rocks
  • granitic rocks
Definition

coral reefs

 

exam #4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The Owyhee area of southwestern Idaho is notable for extensive outcrops of this volcanic rock related to the early stages of Yellowstone hotspot migration:

  • andesite
  • basalt
  • granodiorite
  • rhyolite
  • dacite
Definition

rhyolite

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

 Huge wolf-like predator of Tertiary times

Definition

Andrewsarchus

 

exam #4

Term

Definitions

 

 Seamounts with flat tops from wave erosion

Definition

Guyots

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

 Latest Cretaceous and Tertiary block faulting deformation.

Definition

Laramide Orogeny

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

 Upthrown block mountains of basin and range province.

Definition

Horsts

 

exam #4

Term

Definitions

 

 mother of all sloths, late Cenozoic time.

Definition

Megatherium

 

exam #4

Term

Definitions

 

 Huge, ill-tempered "super-pigs" of the Tertiary

Definition

Entelodonts

 

exam #4

Term

Definitions

 

 Down-dropped fault blocks of the Basin and Range province

Definition

Grabens

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

Relatively shallow Cretaceous thrusting and folding.

Definition

Sevier Orogeny

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

 Intrepid U.S. Dinosaur and mammal collector in Mongolia. Basis for Indiana Jones.

Definition

Roy Chapman Andrews

 

#4

Term

Definitions

 

Cretaceous unit of black shales of the Inland Sea.

 

 

Definition

Mowry Formation

 

#4

Term
Long-necked Tertiary rhinos resembling burly giraffes.
Definition
Indricotheres
Term
Studied the sequence of horse evolutionary stages.
Definition

Joseph Leidy

 

#4

Term
Large, conical Cretaceous reef-building bivalves (clams)
Definition

Rudists

 

#4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The Miocene Columbia River basalts typically weather to a redder, rustier color than younger basalts from Quaternary time because:

  • Contain more iron
  • Submerged in lakes
  • Miocene climate wet and warm
  • Buried deeply before being exposed
  • They are much older
Definition

Wet and warm climate

 

#4

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Which of the following is currently thought to be the strongest driving force for tectonic plate movement?

  • slab pull into subduction zones
  • ridge push at mid-ocean ridges
  • magma bouyancy
  • hotspot drive
  • gravity sliping away from spreading ridges
Definition
slab pull into subduction zones
Term
Rodinia
Definition
The first global super-continent, late archean through proterozoic
Term
Laurentia
Definition
Supercontinent consisting of europe, greenland, and north america
Term

Multiple Choice

 

Precambrian time represents about this much of all geologic time since the formation of the earth?

  • 10%
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 75%
  • 90% 
Definition

90%

 

exam #1

Term

Multiple Choice

 

When oceanic crust is in tectonic collision with the other oceanic crust, _____ will form.

  • A volcanic island arc
  • A mass of continental crust
  • a transform margin
  • rift zone
  • a mid-ocean spreading ridge system 
Definition

A volcanic island arc.

 

exam #1

Term

Multiple Choice

 

The oldest, generally crystalline rocks comprising the interiors the interiors (cores) of continents are collectively known as the:

  • platform
  • shield
  • craton
  • lithosphere
  • asthenosphere 
Definition
shield
Term

Multiple Choice

 

When compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally:

  • thicker
  • lighter
  • more dense
  • much cooler
  • much older 
Definition

more dense

 

exam #1

Term

Multiple Choice

 

Archean sedimentary rocks are mostly composed of:

  • extensive limestone deposits
  • fine-grained mudstones
  • very mature (clean) quartz sandstones
  • immature coarse grained angular gravels and sands
  • iron-oxide deposits 
Definition
immature coarse grained angular gravels and sands iron oxide deposits
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