Term
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Definition
| thin layer of unchanneled water flowing downhill. |
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Term
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Definition
| total area that drains into stream |
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Term
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Definition
| small stream flowing into larger one |
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Term
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Definition
| very slow, downslope movement of soil (less than 1cm/yr) |
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Term
| Shear Force/Shear Strength |
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Definition
Force- parallel to slide slides down from gavity.
strength- resistance to shear force. |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge or strip of high ground separating watersheds. |
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Term
| dendritic drainage pattern |
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Definition
| resembles branches of a tree, developed on uniformly erodible rock, most common drainage. |
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Term
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Definition
| streams diverge outward like spokes of a wheel downward from steep top, forms on high mtns (volcanoes) |
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Term
| Rectangular drainage pattern |
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Definition
| tributaries have frequent 90 degree bends, develops on regularly fracutred rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel main streams w/ short tributaries meeting at right angles. forms when resistant rock alternate with non resistant rock(shale) |
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Term
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Definition
| downhill slope of the stream bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of water that flows past a given point in a unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of flowing water to pick up and move sediments. |
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Term
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Definition
| depressions eroded into the hard rock of stream bed by abrasive actions of sediment load. |
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Term
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Definition
| large or heavy sediment particles that travel on the stream bed through traction/saltation. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of rocks in streambed by rolling, sliding, dragging. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of rocks in stream by series of short leaps or bounces off the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment that is light enough to remian lifted indefinitely above bottom by water turbulence. (Muddy appearance of a stream) |
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Term
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Definition
| soulable products of chemical weathering processes, contains numerous ions, (bicarbonate, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride) |
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Term
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Definition
| a ridge of sediment deposited in streams. |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically deposited heavy sediment, lighter stuff carried away, leaves valuable metals (gold) |
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Term
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Definition
| stream choked with sediment forming channels around multiple bars. |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow deep streams with sinuous curves. low velocity on inside of curves, high erosion velocity on outside. |
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Term
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Definition
| bars formed on the inside curve of streams due to low velocity which causes deposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a new shorter channel punches through point bar, redirecting stream leaving an oxbow lake |
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Term
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Definition
| broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when the river velocity decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| small shifting channels that carry water away from main river channel and distribute it over the surface of delta. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of deepening a valley by erosion of stream bed |
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Term
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Definition
| stream that has smooth longitudinal profile of the stream bed. |
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Term
| lateral erosion (streams) |
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Definition
| erosion and downcutting of a stream bank and valley walls as stream swings from side to side. stream channel remains same width, but valley widens by erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| slow uphill growth of a valley above its original source through gullying, mass wasting, and sheet erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| steplike landforms found above a stream and its flood plain, formed by deposition and subsequent erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| (grand canyon) meanders that retain their sinuous patterns as they cut down vertically below level at which originally formed, has no flood plains. often caused by regional uplift. |
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Term
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Definition
| % of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings, measurement of rocks ability to hold water. |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid such as water through pores and fractures. how easily water flows through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| subsurface zonein which all rock openings are filled with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| upper surface of the saturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
| top of a body of ground water separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated, impermeable later. |
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Term
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Definition
| body of saturdated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. good sites to drill wells. |
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Term
| unconfined/confined aquifers |
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Definition
| unconfined lies above impermeable layer and below water table, confined lies between two permeable layers under pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of new water to the saturated zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| when water is drawn from a well, a depression forms around the wall shaped like a cone. |
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Term
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Definition
| well in confined aquifer, spouts out of well under pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| place where water flows naturally from rock onto land surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| drop in ground level due to groundwater extraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| form when slightly acidic water dissolves limestone along joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| large, long-lasting mass of ice, formed on land tha moves under its own weight. |
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Term
| alpine/continental glaciation |
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Definition
apline= found in mountainous regions,
continental= exists where large parts of continent is covered by glacial ice. |
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Term
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Definition
| glacier confined in valley that flows from higher to lower elevation. prevalent in alpine glaciers. |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of ice that is not restricted to a valley, covers large area of land (50,000km) associated with continental glaciers. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in a few mtn highlands, flows downward and outward from a central high point. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| advancing/receding glaciers |
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Definition
advancing=positive budgets, growing.
receding= negative budgets, shrinking. |
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Term
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation |
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Definition
accumulation= part of glacier with a perennial snow cover at top of glacier.
ablation= where ice is lost at bottom of glacier |
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Term
| equilibrium line (glaciers) |
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Definition
| marks highest point where the glaciers winter snow cover is lost during a melt. |
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Term
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Definition
| lower edge of glacier, moves outward with growth, inward with ablation. |
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Term
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Definition
| sliding of glacier as single body over underlying rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement that occurs within glacier due to plastic nature of ice itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| open fissures, broken by tensional forces of plastic flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| very fine particles of chemically unweathered material. |
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Term
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Definition
| ridges that have triangular facets produced by glacial erosion at their lower ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| half-bowl shaped recess carved into a mtn. at the head of a valley by a glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| unsorted and unlayered rock debris deposited by glaciers. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| material deposited by debris-laden meltwater from glaciers, well-sorted. |
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Term
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Definition
| outwash feature, debris from streams in glaciers, leavings long snakelike hills. |
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Term
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Definition
| depressions leftover after glaciers melt, accounting for many of the small lakes in the mid west. |
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Term
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Definition
| coastal inlets carved into by glaciers, leaving erosional peninsulas on coastlines. |
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Term
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Definition
| any region with low rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
| broad flat-topped areas elevated above surrounding land and bounded, atleast part by cliffs. |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion of plateau leaving, broad, flat-topped hill bounded by cliffs and capped with resistant rock layetr |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow hill of resistant rock with flat top, very steep sides. formed from continual erosion of mesas. |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow temporarily lasting lakes in desert after a rainstorm. dries up to form a playa, very flat surface underlain by hard mud-cracked clay. |
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Term
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Definition
| broad, gently-sloping depositional surface results from merging alluvial fans |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks with flat wind-abraded surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of sand silt and clay from surface by wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| deposit of wind-blown silt/clay composed of unweathered angular grains. |
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Term
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Definition
| mounds of loose sand grains heaped up by the wind |
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Term
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Definition
| steep downward slope of a dune. |
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Term
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Definition
| limited sand supply, crescent-shaped w/ steep slip face, horns point downward direction |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is more sand than barchan, relatively straight elongated dune perpendicular to wind direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar in shape to barchan dune, except deeply curved and is convex in downward direction. horns point upwind! found inland from ocean beach. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest type of dune, symmetrical ridge of sand that forms parallel to prevailing wind direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical distance between crest and trough |
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Term
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Definition
crest= high point of wave
trough= low point of wave |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal distance between 2 wave crests/troughs. |
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Term
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Definition
| wave that has become so steep that the crest of wave topples forward |
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Term
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Definition
| breakers are collectively called surf |
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Term
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Definition
| when waves reach shoreline they slow progressively, causing the wave crest to change directions and become nearly parallel to shoreline. |
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Term
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Definition
| waves parallel to shoreline. |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow currents that flow straight out to sea in surf zone after wave refraction hits shores. |
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Term
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Definition
| strip of sediment that extends from low-water line inland to a cliff or zone of permanent vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| steepest part of beach, section exposed to wave action. |
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Term
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Definition
| broad gently sloping platform that may be exposed at low tide if shore has significant tidal action. |
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Term
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Definition
| wave-deposited sediment platform that is flat or slopes slightly landward, usually dry only covered in water during storms. |
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Term
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Definition
| finger-like ridge that extends out into open ocean water. |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge of sediment that cuts a bay off from the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| force on a rock, compression/elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| change in size(volume) or shape or both, while undergoing stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| pushed together or squeezed from opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| forces pulling away from one another in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| due to forces parallel to one another moving in opposite directions. transform fault boundaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which rock will deform permanently. |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture in bedrock in which movement takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| strike= compass direction of a line formed by intersection of inclined plate with horizontal plane. North/south. |
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Term
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Definition
| bends or wavelike features in layered rocks. shows strain in ductile way |
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Term
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Definition
upward arching fold
downward arching fold. |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture or crack in bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
footwall= underlying surface of an inclined fault plane.
hanging wall= overlying surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| fault where movement is predominantly horizontal and parallel to strike of fault. |
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Term
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Definition
| waves of en energy produced by an earthquake. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that explains earthquakes, sudden release of strain along movement of rocks on fault line. |
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Term
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Definition
| point within Earth where seismic waves first originate. |
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Term
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Definition
| point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. |
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Term
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Definition
body= seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior, spreading outward from focus in all directions.
surface= seismic waves that travel on Earth's surface away from epicenter. |
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Term
Body wave types:
P waves & S Waves |
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Definition
P= compressional wave in which rock vibrates back and forth parallel to direction of wave.
S= slower, transverse, secondary wave, travel near surface rocks at 2-5km/sec, vibrates perpendicular. S wave cannot pass through fluid, P wave can. |
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Term
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Definition
| most like S waves, no vertical displacement, ground moves side to side in perpendicular direction to to the wave, do not travel through liquids. |
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Term
| Rayleigh Waves(earthquakes) |
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Definition
| liek rolling ocean waves, very destructive to buildings, produce a lot of ground movement, take awhile to pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| recording device that produces permanent record of Earth Motion detected by seismometer. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of energy released during earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical scale of magnitudes |
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