Term
|
Definition
1960: 60% of developing countries were undernourished
Now its less than 20% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a huge area of grassland and tropical rainforest stretching from Bolivia and Paraguay (used for agriculture, especially soy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 out of 8 suffer chronic hunger, 95% of which are in developing countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to obtain sufficient, healthy food on a day to day basis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-scale food shortages, with widespread starvation, social disruption, and economic chaos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutritional imbalances caused by a lack of specific nutrients. (ex: marmus- protein and calorie deficiency, goiter- iodine deficiency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more than 20% over the ideal weight for a person's height and sex
64% of adult Americans are considered to be obese
increases chance of many fatal diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| US dominant crop production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Confined Animal Feeding Operation |
|
Definition
| Animals are housed and fed mainly soy and corn for rapid growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of sand and gravel, silts and clays, dead organic material, soil fauna and flora, water, air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Surface Litter
A: Topsoil- Organic Matter, living organisms, inorganic material
E: Zone of Leaching- dissolved or suspended materials move downward
B: Subsoil
C: Weathered parent material
Parent Material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water flowing across a gently sloping, bare field removes a thin, uniform layer of soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When little rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If rills enlarge to form bigger channels or ravines that are too large to be removed by normal tillage operations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The washing away of soil from the banks of established streams, creeks, or rivers, often a result of removing trees and brush along streambanks and of cattle damaging the banks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of productive land to desert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drastically increases crop yields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil saturated with water and plant roots dies from a lack of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mineral salts accumulate in the soil
- often a problem when irrigation water dissolves and mobilizes the salts. As water evaporates it leaves behind a salt crust on the soil surface that is lethal to most plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killing nontarget species, creating new pests of organisms that perviously were not a problem, and causing widespread pesticide resistance among pest species, bioaccumulation and bioconcentration within the food chain can wipe out top predators |
|
|
Term
| Alternatives to chemical pesticides |
|
Definition
| cover crops and mechanical cultivation, planting mixed polycultures, biological controls, genetic breeding and biotechnology, Integrated Pest Management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plowing across the hill rather than up and down prevents water runoff (therefore erosion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the planting of different kinds of crops in alternating strips along the land contours. When one plant is harvested, the other remains to protect the soil from erosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil. The edges of the terrace are planted with soil-anchoring plant species. (expensive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occupy almost 60% of global land cover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "forests" whose trees occupy less than 20% of the area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tree crowns cover most of the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that cover a relatively large area and have been undisturbed by human activities long enough that trees can live out a natural life cycle and ecological process can occur in fairly normal fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although Brazil used to claim the highest deforestation rate, it is currently Indonesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every tree in a given area is cut, regardless of size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all trees in a narrow corridor are harvested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small percentage of mature trees are taken in each 10 to 20 year rotation |
|
|
Term
| What drives deforestation? |
|
Definition
- industrial scale agriculture
- industrial logging
- poverty and population pressure as people seek farmland and fuelwood
- road development, oil development, mining, and dams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- trees are burned, releasing stored carbon
- fallen vegetation decays, releasing stored C
- Accumulation of C in soil litter declines; exposed soils dry, and C in soil oxidizes to CO2
- the forest ecosystem is no longer available to store carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation |
|
|
Term
| Ecological reserves and wilderness areas |
|
Definition
| little or no allowed human impact or intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural monuments and archaeological sites |
|
Definition
| low to medium allowed human activity |
|
|
Term
| habitat and wildlife management areas |
|
Definition
| medium allowed human activity |
|
|
