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| The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries. |
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| The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. |
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| The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry). The general definition of the tertiary sector is producing a service instead of just an end product, in the case of the secondary sector. |
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| GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) |
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Definition
| The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources. It is one of the five indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report. |
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| GDI (Gender-Related Development Index) |
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Definition
| The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) is an indication of the standard of living in a country, developed by the United Nations (UN). It is one of the five indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report. It aims to show the inequalities between men and women in the following areas: long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. |
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The term Four Asian Tigers or Asian Tigers refers to the highly developed economies of:
- [image] Hong Kong
- [image] Singapore
- [image] South Korea
- [image] Taiwan
These regions were the first newly industrialized countries, noted for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. In the 21st century, all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies. |
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| IMF (International Monetary Fund) |
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Definition
| The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance of payments. It is an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development. |
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| fair trade means that products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDC's |
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| A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either. Hunter-gatherers obtain most from gathering rather than hunting; up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering. |
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Definition
| found in LDC's, production of food primarily for the farmer's family |
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Definition
| found in MDC, production of food primarily for sale off the farm. 5 features distinguish it from subsistence: purpose, percentage of farmers in labor force, use of machinery, farm size, relationship of farming to other business |
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| Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned. This system often involves clearing of a piece of land followed by several years of wood harvesting or farming, until the soil loses fertility. Once the land becomes inadequate for crop production, it is left to be reclaimed by natural vegetation, or sometimes converted to a different long-term cyclical farming practice. |
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form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. adapted to dry climates where planting crops is impossible. North Africa and the Middle East
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| Two Leading Rice Producing Countries |
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| practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. occupies relatively small % of Asia's land but is most important source of food. most popular in southeast Asia and east India |
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| A plantation is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. The term plantation is informal and not precisely defined. Crops grown on plantations include cotton, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, sisal, and various oil seeds and rubber trees. The term "plantation" has usually not included large orchards, but has included the planting of trees for lumber. A plantation is always a monoculture over a large area and does not include extensive naturally occurring stands of plants that have economic value. |
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Definition
| practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
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| the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling |
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| Two Leading Corn Producing Countries |
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Term
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| U.S. government began to sell grazing land to farmers to grow crops, leaving cattle ranchers with no legal claim to it. for years the ranchers tried to drive out the farmers by cutting fences and then erecting their own fences |
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| growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
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Truck farming is the cultivation of vegetable crops for transport to local markets.
Important truck crops include tomatoes, melons, onions, strawberries,potatoes, and green vegetables. |
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Definition
| importance of proximity to market in choosing what crop to grow. must consider the value of the yield per hectare and the cost of transporting the yield per hectare |
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Definition
| agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environment quality. typically generate lower revenues but have lower costs |
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Definition
| how long the field will be left untouched after it has been grown on |
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| Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM), and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied to various industries, principally medicine and agriculture, with some success. |
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| The Golden Triangle is one of Asia's two main illicit opium-producing areas. It is an area of around 950,000 km2 that overlaps the mountains of four countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent and Pakistan, it has been one of the most extensive opium-producing areas of Asia and of the world since the 1920s. |
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Desertification is the extreme deterioration of land in arid and dry sub-humid areas due to loss of vegetation and soil moisture; desertification results chiefly from man-made activities and influenced by climatic variations. It is principally caused by overgrazing, overdrafting of groundwater and diversion of water from rivers for human consumption and industrial use, all of these processes fundamentally driven by overpopulation
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Definition
| involves two main practices; introduction of new higher yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizer |
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| The greenhouse effect is caused by an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system, causing heating at the surface of the planet or moon. This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection. |
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| Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. |
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| Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or on the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. |
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| Two World Regions w/ Highest HDI Among Developing Countries |
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Definition
Latin America (.8)
East Asia (.76) |
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| Four Regions w/ lowest HDI |
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Definition
Sub-Saharan Africa (.51)
South Asia (.58)
Southeast Asia (.58)
Middle East (.68) |
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| Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
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Definition
| investment made by a foreign country in the economy of another country |
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Definition
Anglo-America (.94)
Japan (.94)
Western Europe (.93)
South Pacific (.87)
Eastern Europe (.8)
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Definition
Latin America (.8)
East Asia (.76)
Middle East (.68)
Southeast Asia (.58)
South Asia (.58)
Sub-Saharan Africa (.51) |
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| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture |
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Definition
| farmers must work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land. east, south, and southeast Asia typically practice |
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| World Region Not Reducing Undernourishment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization. practiced by most farmers today |
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| Two World Regions w/ Highest % Labor Force in Agriculture |
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Definition
| Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| humid low-latitude and warm mid-latitude |
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| Major Latin American Language Families |
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Definition
| Indo-European: Spanish and Portuguese |
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| Major Latin American Religions |
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Definition
| Roman Catholic and Protestant |
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Definition
| dry and humid low-latitude |
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| Major African Language Families |
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Definition
| Arabic, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Khoe |
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Definition
| Christianity, Islam, Traditional |
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| Africa's Population Distribution |
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Definition
| densest in North coast, West Africa, and East African Coast; sparse in desert areas in North and Southwest Africa |
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| Latin America's Population Distribution |
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Definition
| dense along eastern and western coast, highest density occurs in southeastern Brazil |
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Definition
| the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country |
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| Social Indicators of Development |
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Definition
| Education, Literacy, Health, Welfare |
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| Demographic Indicators of Development |
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Definition
| Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Natural Increase Rate, and Crude Birth Rate |
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