rock changed by pressure and heat 

I.E; limestone into marble

Magma=Igneous=sediment=sedimentary rock=metamorphic=magma

cooling=weathering=compaction=heat=melting=cooling

convergent- push towards-make mountains

transform -push past- cause faults (san andreas)

divergent- pull apart- make oceans

deformation of the earth's crust via:

Faulting; breaking/slipping and sliding of crust

Folding; crust bends in wavelike ridges

upfolds;anticlines

downfolds;synclines  

broken by faults

types of faults;

normal; one block goes over other

transform; two blocks slide apart

overthrust; one block goes over other

empirical; descrpitive; study shape, size angle of slope

genetical; study orgins; underlying rock mass, porcesses sculpting, stages of development

endogenic; forces from within

two basic forces; diastrophis; earths movement

vulcanism; magma

exogenic; wearing of lands from outside

batholith; huge mass made of granite 100 thousand miles large

laccolith; not as long as batholith

sill; horizontal flow of magma

veins; minerals that flow out the magma chamber

dikes; push way though other rocks

small doby of igneous rock introduced to older rock

Barchans; crescent shaped/convex side facing agianst winds

Parabolic;cresent shaped facing wind 

Transverse; right angle ridge straight or slightly curved

Longitudinal; parrallel to prevailing winds

Loess; dust laid down by wind after long distance blowing

exogenic- on the surface- force

two types;

mechanical; disintegation

chemical; high temps speed process of chemicals

granular disintegration; 

exfoliation; layers peel off; granite

block separation

shattering; ice in rocks break it; heating/cooling

unloading; rocks exposed and pressure realeased breaks them

slaking; clif under the cliff gets bigger and bigger; cliff drops

wedging; roots break rock

talus slope; rock pile fallen (35-37 angle) 

chemical content of rocks has changed

ex; caverns/caves

stalactites;from celing down

stalagmites; from ground up

mass wasting; erosin by strees/force of gravity

water

glaciers

waves/oceans aka coastal processes

wind

soil creep; slow movement of soil down slope(crooked fences)

solifluction; special soil creep with constant freezing/thawing; causes rocks

slump; large piece of land caves in and rotates down slowly

mudflow; dry climates mixed with water

alluvia fans; fan shaped deposit from a mountain by a stream

landslides; large amounts of mass slide in seconds

rock fall; weathered rocks drop to foot of a cliff 

1st order; no tributaries

2nd order; two first order streams meet

3rd order; 2 second orders meet

4th order; 2 third order streams meet

number of streams found in an area

<12; course/low drainage density 

12-16; medium

17-40; high

>40; badlands; badly eroded; soft/sandy/lack of veggies

drainage patters

dendritic; tree like

trellis; trees out both sides

rectangular;like a rectangal

parallel; parralell to river

deranged;crazy

radial;reside out the middle

braided; like a braid

stream weathering; breaks rocks surrounding 

stream transportation; erosion 

deposition; where it ends

hydrolic action; forces water by pushing it against rocks

abrasion; water with small pieces rub over rock

corrosion; acid in water disoloves rock

stream transportation

bed load; large rocks on the bottom

suspended load; little particels trans ported by water not always on top

solution; minerals dissolve and end up in ocean(causes the ocean to be salty)

cycle of a stream

Young stream; v shape/no flood/deep valley

early youth;

late youth; 

maturity;

rejuvenation;

formation of a delta; velocity of stream slows/gets clogged

arcuate delta; spread farther down the river (nile)

birds foot delta; forms in shallow water and spreads

cuspate delta; strong onshore current/wind pushes against the shore

Estuarine delta; bay gets filled and extends to flood plain

submergeence; land drops below sea level; irregular in shap

emergence; land below sea pushes up; straight

neutral; alluvial fans, deltas, corals; usually tropical

all; 68 F, shallow,, salty and clean

fringing reef; coral grows around island

barrier reef; coral grows over old coral skeletons

firnfeild; top

zone of accumulation; snow falws and accumaltes causing pressure

zone of ablation; more melting than accumulation 

depressions caused by glaciers plucking materials as they move

what does glaciation cause

moraines; deposits found at bottom of a glacier

medial moraines; two glaciers meet and the moraines join together

aretes; sharp ridges between 2 adjoining cirques

cols; pass through ridge

horns; riques coming up from 3 or 4 directions

 develop in mountains; restricted by this

cause tarns; like cirques minus the ridges

u shape valleys 

waterfall valleys

truncate spurs; two or more glaciers leaving flat land around the hanging valley

limited; large land mass; created great lakes

wisconsin ice age; 10,000 years ago this happened

most important source of non-salty water

calving; chunks of ice break off-float in the salt water

outwash plain

forms near the end of the glacier

extensive fluvial featurs

smooth

desposits 

long winding ridge left behind by glacier 

eggshaped hills 

tells of glaciers direction

stoss side; direction from where it came

lee side; jagged rocks/plucked objects