The physical appearance of a person, which can affect how one is viewed by one's self and society.

Edward Said- the structure in culture that produce images of the body (magazines, media); this shapes how we view our bodies. Institutions generate communication, meaning, images that define the world we live in. Creates meaning for people and a desire to be more like the meaning in order to gain culture capital.

subjected, used, & constructed by its owner. It is disciplined & controlled. For the only way a docile body can be achieved is through actions of discipline. 

The space in which our bodies exist.Outside space (we take up space with our physical size and interaction with environments) vs. inside space (the literal being of our bodies and stomachs). Food connects these and shapes our bodies. Influenced by the “food/health/beauty triplex.” 

beauty, health, physical shape, the tripod shape. It is culturally constructed

succeeding in our culture based on how the body looks (shape, size, age).Bodies represents value that people will spend money on. 

overeating to hide problems and numb pain from tramas such as sexual abuse, poverty, sexual orientation, racism, classism. 

the idea that we live in a culture of abundance and over indulgence of food while being constantly surrounded with images that say “thin is in.” 

A serious disturbance in eating behavior, abnormal eating habits that are insufficient or overabundant

the state of mind in which a person is comfortable in his or her body and also likes his or her body. It is also the ability to see one’s body and mind as connected. 

blur the distinction between mind and body in research, challenging the idea of mind over docile body. Studies how minded body experience &embody food and eating habits. 

strong correlation- location (poorer neighborhoods relate to food deserts), poor quality/minimal amount of food-not enough money for good food, heavily subsidized crops (corn, soy beans), in fast food& processed food.

Giddens- the interplay between social structures/cultural apparatuses and individual agency shapes outcomes in the world. Social structures can constrain or enable our ability to act. Individuals are affected by social structures some have more agency to change social structures

Began in 19th century. Men go into labor force, women tend to home. Still around today. Women and men with same jobs - men paid more.  Home operations and meals revolve around man's schedule/needs.     

idea of giving and receiving care through key tasks that are really mundane but need to be done (i.e. grocery shopping, cooking, cleaning, and laundry). Work that reproduces individuals, families, and societies.

A term used to describe the responsibility of filling two "roles" or jobs in a single day.  Term coined to help describe the changing requirements of society and inversely proportional to a gendered division of labor.

eaten with family and friends, hot, home cooked, well-balanced, taken time to prepare, eaten at a table.

it consists of gender roles in the kitchen, disciplining of the children, and conflict and cohesion of where, when, and what to eat in the home

 less emphasis on cooking from scratch is due to new food production technologies- industrial food, microwaveable meals, frozen foods. 

everyone eatting different meals at different times, making it difficult to cook for the family.

one’s sense of connection to their own culture, engaging in cultural activities and traditions that demonstrate their sense of “belonging”

Gender and migration in the constitution of a healthy space as a home

 Using strange or exotic taste combinations are an expression of the women's social status. 

same time everyday, with family, prepared by the woman, time to prepare, home made, sits at table provides social relationships- teaches their children discipline on what it proper, healthy eating habits, and behavier in a "civilized" manner.   

food that represents the people and culture of that nation. This food may not actually be indigenous to that nation, but society and culture value that food making it a part of their national identity.

foods that don't necessarily have to be grown in a certain region to be considered part of or associated with that geographical area.

food that is native and tied to the land on which it originates. 

foods that are unique to or iconic of a particular ethnicity or culture.

the everyday representation of the nation- builds an imagined sense of national solidarity amongsts humans

Benedict Anderson- the nation is an imagined community and nations diet is a feast of imagined commensality. Imagined community (or nation) adheres together over certain dishes. 

The embodiment (of an individual) is the the representation of characteristics that describe and define a person. Ths may include culture, religion, passion, and talent. These traits personify and manifest in that individual

movement of people from one area to another in the hopes of a better life. Nation Food identifies the people of the geographic location or race. When people migrate they bring along with them their national food.

chicken of great importance to the church. Representation of the past, present and future to the churches and the history of the African American people. 

shared heritage, common language, faith, and ethnic ancestory

national identity based on territory, history, ideals

a new and autonomous (independent) relationship people and countries formed with food.Food no longer provided nourishment. Gastronomic culture also became exclusive because it was a source of social distinction. For example, ordering a meal in a famous restaurant demanded that you have a high degree of literacy in the new culinary world.

Fernando González Gortázar- "cuisine along with art, language, and landscape as among the things most evocative of the national identity. gender, class, ethnic heritage, and citizenship. Explains the sense of belonging.

National Cuisine refers the foods that people eat based on culture and geographic location

tasting "others" refers the competition with the international "others", culinary rivalries- when identifying the authentic national cuisine. (+) establish an authentic national cuisine by reducing complex regional dialects. (-) loss of unique cuisines by imposing standardization and abandonment of traditions. 

Farms who grow commodity crops, like corn, wheat, and rice. subsidized by the government. Creating larger surpluse,need for pesticides and herbicides

when people do not have access to quality and afordable food. Have limited access to food sources and the ones available do not provide adequate nutrition. 

the control of a given market by several large, powerful companies instead of several small farms, since larger ones are able to make products cheaper. The rise of fast food chains in America has resulted in the consolidation of the meat packing industry. 

Veritical integration is when one company owns the entire process. Horizontal is when different copanies have different parts of the whole process.

the creation of technologies such as machines, genetically modified seeds, have made it easier for farmers to have large crops. Many large tasks while working have been broken down into more smaller tasks. Instead of few workers with skills --> industrial assembly-line . 

 idea in which regulators have been focusing on voluntary programs in which companies police themselves. Happening b/c the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, has had fewer safety and health standards being issued since President Bush than under any other president. 

monetary supplements paid to farmers and agricultural businesses by the government.To ensure farmers retain a basic income, while also managing the supply of their product and influencing the prices of those products.

Polyculture is a farming method, planting multiple crops in the same place. 

 the consolodation and commodification of food through farms, feedlots, meat packing, contract production, and federal subsidies. Highly processed, articifical flavoring, high in salt/sugar, can last longer

US food system - dependent on corn  Just like the Maya living in Mexico nine thousand years ago. Similar to mayans "corn people" - lots of corn in diet

corn that has been bred to produce a particular trait. species are crossed based on desireable traits; plants don't produce their own seeds.bread for monocropping, mechanized harvesting, and genetically modified organism (GMO).

we are all connected and we cannot dominate nature

the increase of size and production of farms. Consolidation in farms. fewer farms and larger farms. Policy for a hyper-efficient, centralized food system, to feed the world cheaply. Farmers produced too much -->prices fall >government would pay farmers to leave some land fallow --> goal pushing prices up following season.   

explain why declining farm prices are forcing farmers to grow more corn.  The price of corn has been consistently falling over time and the only way for farmers to maintain their standard of living is to simply sell more corn. A paradox of increasing prices with falling prices. 

the idea where food is no longer a substance but merely an item to be traded.part of supply and demand instead of growing the substance of food we buy and sell it amongst one another. 

two ways of assigning worth to a commodity. Use value is what an item is worth to the consumer when it is purchased and used. Exchange value is what the commodity is worth on the market, where it can be sold and traded for other products or for capital. Some items may be produced because they have a high exchange value, but would not be worth much on its own. 

Due to the industrialization of agriculture, changes have been made to the production process that are environmentally damaging.  Fertilizers are pumped in the soil, the quality of nearby water sources are damaged due to run-off, animals are malnourished and injected with tons of antibiotics, soil loses its quality from lack of plant diversity, etc. 

not sustainable. problems of loss of biodiversity, severing the "web of life" (Rachel Carson), massive waste management, animal welfare and treatment, loss of independent farmers and ranchers, food safety concerns (E. coli), labor conditions, etc.To be sustainable it needs to be "reformed or reconstructed."

 These four companies slaughter and market 80% cattle in the US. Smaller farms, can no longer keep up. 

increase yields of production. Idea of the assembly line. 

food safety making sure food will not cause harm, is clean. Worker safety making sure workers are protected when they are working from injuries.

an organization of Latino, Mayan Indian, and Haitian immigrants who are fighting for workers’ rights- better wages and treatment of workers and worker safety. Have accomplished many massive boycotts of fast food chains, which pressure the companies to push farm managers to improve wages and treatment of their workers.

Unionization refers to a group of workers who form an organization and who have come together to achieve better working conditions. 

led by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers- to eliminate issues of human rights (agricultural slavery and forced labor) seen by Florida farmworkers. Through the Campaign for fair food they hope to establish more sustainable ways of purchasing food

connection between cows and corn. most beef that we consume is made up of corn due to the fact that in CAFO’s (where much of our meat comes from), the cattle are fed primarily corn. corn is commoditized and mass produced to feed livestock, which is in turn commoditized and mass produced in feed lots for consumers.

agricultural region of the central United States such as Iowa Indiana, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and other Midwestern states where main products are either corn or corn-fed livestocks.  The corn belt region are primarily responsible for nearly half of American corn production.

article about a woman ill after having a containminated burger became an outbreak for Cargill. containminated burgers have caused 940 sickened. article reveal how the meat packing companies do not really follow the food packing safety rules and guidelines while producing beef patties. The companies are more interested in making profits. A lot of the hamburgers are made with trimmings from various sources and therefore very hard to pin point the exact source of containmination. Although, breakout of E colis have been around since the 1970s, governmet regulations or officials often urge packing companies to perform more test on their products instead of enforcing it as orders. 

It is a deeper level of change that needs to happen to restructure the political economy of hunger. Restructuring current economic policy would have a much greater effect on hunger in America than small, surface level efforts  (food banks, Food Stamps, etc.)

A social system/program that assists individuals or household who are in poverty. This program has food assistance programs that help the familys ensure their food security. 

people who have a job that pays minimum wage and are unable to live comfortable

two systems of access to food: that for the poor, and that for "everyone else." 

Food insecurity is when a community does not have access to nutritionally adequate food. Food insecurity is measured by quality, not quantity and is a social, not individual, issue. 

a phrase used to define hunger and "an attempt to scientize hunger."  In essenece, the word hunder was medicalized so that it is something that can be measured and "clinically detectable."  In essence, "clinical hunger" is that medical way of describing food scarcity.

The minimum level of income necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living, within a given country.

food assistance program, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, known as the Food Stamp Program. This program aids low to no income families in purchasing food, now with use of an electronic card (EBT).

 non-profit organization that organizes and gives donated food to smaller agencies that feed the hungry.

a place where food is offered to the hungry (poor, homeless, etc) for free. staffed by volunteer groups such as churches or community organizations established in low-income areas.  

 a reaction to meet hunger demands and compensate for federal and state programs' shortcoming. Reagan's cuts to the food stamp programs brought forth the emergency food movement in the 1980s, in which local food communities and nonprofits filled the hunger gap that the government had left.

developing and enriching the community with sustainable, neighborhood-based strategies to help provide low-income families, access to fresh, healthy food. Promoting self-awareness on providing for their own nutritional needs, and keep the message going through promoting local food, local farms, and over all matters of nutrition.  

This refers to the USDAs removal of the term "hunger" from its official assessment of food security in the US. It replaced the term with "very low food security," and has been accused of sugar coating hunger.

food, housing, medical expenses 

the problem that arises with the proliferation of the emergency food system."USDA - get rid of surpluses. Business-unwanted product. Producers get rid of surplus, food banks give to hungry

failure in economy to help the poor.  Poverty contributes - people cannot by nutritious food.. Also overconsumption - eating too little of good food and too much bad food. 

Lots of poverty in US, not decreasing it, just managing it.Keeping it stable, but not treating poverty. Not sustainable. Source:  Week 7 Lecture (summary of Bello)

The WIC (Women, Infant, and Children) is a government supplemental food program that helps provide coupons for low income mothers to buy formula, baby products, or just food.  Many of those participating in WIC have food insecurity   

It is a food assistance program that provides meals to public and non profitable private schools.  This program offers free or reduced breakfast and lunch.

conditions implemented in order to receive loans. to make sure countires pay back their debt. This includes elimiting trade barriers, quotas (limit the number of a certain product within a country), and farmer subsidies.

Political and Economic ideology that advocates reduced government involvement in the economy and infrastructure, thereby reducing their expenses. This would "liberate" the industry from gov't constraints.

Acquisition of land by corporations and countries in foreign countries for long periods of time for the purpose of basic foods. 

The right and freedom to grow diverse and nutritious food and the right to have access to save healthy adequate and affordable food.

Riots that occur (usually in developing countries) in response to a rise in food prices and food shortages.

Peasant production is the production of food by small farming households (mainly for sustenance and secondarily for monetary gain through marketing of surplus product).  The commercially motivated aristocrat and large tenant farmer (the 2 personae of rural capitalist) . The peasant land enclosures helped change the English countryside and strengthened larger landlords, but hurt the English peasantry.

Corporatized agriculture production, generally big TNCs or MNCs take over the vast majority of agricultural production around the world.Thought structural adjustment programs would help but it made things worse. Created dependency on farms to export their product to developed nations instead of being self- sustaining with in own country

landlord exploitation, dissolution of moral economy, the first development policy, and structural adjustment. (Jarosz)Industrial food -needs of demand has destabalized family farm. Small farmers/producers pushed out. Bring in new farmers - new consumers will follow. Unstable conditions make this hard. 

This is when one looks at nations and places in relation to one another as linked by capitalist relations and by power relations. One also considers long-term history and geography when doing so. 

low input agriculture in harmony with nature

regional economies, societies, and cultures have integrated through a global network of communication, trade, and transportation

the understanding of where a certain food item comes from and how it was grown or produced, packaged, distributed and marketed. This can be very complex as historical, social, economic, cultural, political, and environmental aspects must be considered. 

Focusing on the product itself, not its origins. Ignoring where it came from. 

The International Coffee Organization (ICO) is the main organization for coffee. ICO’s goal is to develop a sustainable coffee economy, which helps benefit small-scale farmers in coffee producing countries . It also facilitates international trade and controls the price of coffee in fair trade.

Coffee is sold in almost every country.  It has Arab cultural roots.  Coffee is grown in tropical agriculture however it is hard on tropical soil.  The price of coffee is controlled by big corporations and it's important to control prices  b/c it is increasing and fluctuates.

Is a spoken or unspoken, visual, or multimedia, etc way to communicate a certain concept or an idea.. Especially the effects of advertising with food, and vice versa.

Showed purity, related to purity of heinz products.  Idol of the victorian ideals at the time. 

Means that no national jurisdictions and international regulations imposing political order on bluefin fishing. No one owns the fishing areas for bluefins since they can cross states borders. 

This is epicenter of Japan's wholesale seafood industry, where fish (often bluefin tuna) bound for plates around the world are auctioned off to the highest bidders, often at very high prices. This market is effectively where the world's tuna prices are set, through bids by more than 60,000 daily traders. Wall Street of fish

Many seafood commodities go through Japan's Tsukiji Seafood Market before being exported to other cities.  It requires a large path of stops before valued and sold to smaller markets.

Food localization is a new social movement towards diets that consist of locally produced, grown, and/or manufactured foods in order to eat in accordance with seasons and climates. 

area where people do not have access to adaquate food at an afforable price

Food policy councils are councils that consists of citizens and/or gov. officials in order to carefully examine the local food system in a geographic area.

citizens aware of the food system w/ which they are surrounded and are able to make decisions regarding food. Strives towards food localization and sustainable methods of producing food

social movement which aims to promote better working conditions and working wages for farmers and producers and to promote a sustainable price model for goods

place where farmers can sell their produce and other products directly to consumers, generally in an urban setting. started in the 70s. They benefit the farmers because they can get the best price by skipping the middle men like processing and shipping who otherwise take cuts out of their final profit.  The benefit for consumers is local, fresh produce and products. 

Where cities/ urban areas cultivate, process, and distribute food to both provide fresh produce and meats to those living within the urban area and/or used as a way to generte income. Important way for people in urban areas to enhance their own food security, releiving pressures on rural areas.

A space where local people can buy a small plot of land to grow their own food. Everyone in the community helps to maintain the garden. An alternative method for the poor to grow their own food.

The Technology Question addresses if advocacy for peasant agriculture, or small scale farming, largely ignores the  issues of feeding the world's population. The question is aimed at answering how small scale farming can compete with the high productivity in food production as an outcome of various technologies associated with capitalism. One possible answer is finding a balance between some safe technologies and small-scale farming practices.

Program founded by Salone, Petrini, and Slow Food organizers to defend regional food production. The program aimed to extend the defense of territories by identifying high-quality food products, thereby developing markets and producer-consumer relationships. 

take care of the grass first and then the grass will take care of the animals