Term
15.1
Describe the spatial component of neighborhoods for raster and vector structured spaces. How do neighborhoods relate to surfaces? |
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Definition
Raster: are cells in grid from
vector: points, lines, polygons, are can be 'next to' each other but more commonly based on distance.
Surfaces have attributes like slope which are estimates based on neighbor values |
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Term
15.2
What rules are used to combine attribute data values? |
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Definition
Dominance: one value is "better" than others in the neighborhood and only that data value will be used to compute output.
Contributory: all values in neighborhood is used to computed output
Interaction: pre-selected values used as input to compute output |
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Term
16.1
Why is deriving a relationship between/among data measurements the basis of generating information? How is an operation part of that process? |
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Definition
new geometric and topological relationships expressed in terms of new data structure. Thus relationship are the foundation of spatial data structures.
Types of relationships: adjacent, connectedness, flow, containment
learn how the relationships are significant. |
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Term
16.2
Describe the general character of transformations. Pick any example of a transformation and describe how a particular operation is the core of the transformation. |
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Definition
transformations is changing a data structure into another data structure
Isolines to isolines: first created by connecting elevation points with a smooth line. |
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Term
16.3
What is interpolation? What is inverse distance weighting in the context of interpolation? |
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Definition
Interpolation is computing an intermediate data value based on known values. Known values in the neighborhood are used to derive unkown values
IDW: -establishes a neighborhood (radius/points)
- compute new values making far values less imp.
- retains data value at all points
-some software considers land cover. |
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Term
17.1
What are the four entries for the scheme for surface transformations and how do they differ? |
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Definition
Transform by extraction: data source contain all info. just need to extract.
Attribute assumption required: geometry stay same. att. are changed.
Geometric process only: construct neighborhood in some manner
Complete: required geometry and attribute assumption. |
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Term
17.2
How are scheme entries applied as part of surface transformations? |
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Definition
Points w/ z and isoline to tin: neighborhood is found and attributes are drawn from flat triangle.
DEM to DEM: geometry stay the same. attribute are imported to new structures.
Tin to others: geometry is implicit and attribute retriev from flat triangle |
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Term
17.4
How do we discover relationships from geometry? |
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Definition
coordinates - neighborhoods based on containership
relationship - neighborhoods based of closeness
Coordinate: spatial join keys is site location (points in polygon)
Relationship: reach out from local to broad, various tech. buffers. neighborhood in raster. |
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Term
| 27.3 What is the purpose of indicators for coastal community development? |
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Definition
indicators help monitor progress.
Vital signs:
water quality, air quality, forest acreage. |
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Term
| 27.2 What is the significance of the link among planning, programming, and projects? |
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Definition
Planning: articulate long term perspective, thus guides improvement programs.
Programming: improvement programs are developed to match projects to social, economic, and environmental conditions in the world.
Project: projects are proposed fixes to conditions causing those impairments at current and future times.
all 3 together help us monitor progress. |
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Term
| 27.1 What is the foundation of an ecological city approach to development |
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Definition
1. active consideration of the relationship among land, energy, transportation, environmental health.
2. foundation for system process modeling.
-system processing modeling
- guided by sustainability
- all activities in city are considered
- all decision have an environmental implication. |
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Term
| 26.1 Why is coastal zone management at the local jurisdiction level an important concern for many areas around the world? How should we interpret “local”? |
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Definition
local jurisdiction are concerned because most people live in coastal areas and many vacations involve the coast.
"local" - villages, towns, cities, counties. |
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Term
26.2 How do conventional management techniques relate to growth management techniques for communities? Why are growth management techniques commonly associated with coastal
areas |
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Definition
| both techniques aim to develope areas for sustainability and controlled environments. and coastal areas are commonly associated because coasts are more sensitive to pollution because water has no solid boundaries it can harm different jurisdiction. |
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Term
| 26.3 How does GIS foster communication, cooperation, coordination and collaboration among local governments? |
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Definition
| Due to information integration that underlies the technology e need modes of participation for information to collaborate also convene diverse groups of people to develop plans and carry them out. |
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Term
| 25.3 What is the significance of regional coastal management in the overall picture? |
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Definition
1. addresses environmental problems that are best solved through a multi-jurisdictional integrated policy.
2. integrated policy - coordinate existing policies to adequately & comprehensively address problems.
3. establish a balanced management framework to protect public and socially important resources to avoid conflict of interest. |
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Term
| 25.1 What are some of the activities in state coastal management programs? |
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Definition
33/35 states approved CMP. CZMP is flexible and states can make their own plans to meet their political, cultural state.
- shoreline management
-guide manage reconstruction standards
-beach access and acquisition
-natural resource protection |
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Term
| 24.3 Describe how the Coastal Zone Management Act influences GIS use. |
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Definition
supports conservation practices.
- ex. equestrianism program |
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Term
| 24.2 What (principal) federal agency addresses coastal issues based on what mandate? |
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Definition
mandate: Coastal zone management act 1972
czma directs NOAA to administer voluntary grant-in-aid to states to balance environmental concerns through land use and planning along the coast.
AND coastal zone enchancement program - non point source pollution control. |
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Term
| 24.1 How do social, institutional and cultural concerns influence GIS development and use? |
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Definition
technology changes to support the needs of social, institutional, and cultures of the users. (outer ring of the diagram)
The nonuser of the scoety should become more educated and understand the purpose and the limitation of the data.
physical-social and natural-human relationships are important for GIS work |
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Term
| 18.1 Describe the basic principle underlying a viewshed iterative operation. |
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Definition
rays from a location radiate out repeatedly that can detect where the surface obstruct the view
viewshed = area able to be seem. |
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Term
18.2
Describe the basic principle underlying a cost accumulation operation. |
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Definition
| accumulate total cost outward from a 'source' |
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Term
18.3
Describe the basic principle underlying a drainage flow accumulation operation. |
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Definition
| water flows high to low accumulation found by iteration through slope |
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Term
| 18.4 Describe the basic principle of network cost accumulation using node-star data structure. |
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Definition
| Network: use node star data structure to find shortest route in network |
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Term
19.1
How can we describe the character of GIS applications and GIS projects? |
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Definition
an application is a collection of software that can be used to find information and relationship
A project is a funded process using GIS software for a purposed |
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Term
19.2
Why are coastal GIS applications important for learning about spatial-temporal analysis? |
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Definition
3 contexts
1. Character of environment-society interaction think shore zone. Natural area and built areas in close proximity foster interaction
2. Link btw physical and social processes amount of rainfall effects where runoff goes.
3. Link btw natural and human processes: natural water circulation vs pipelines |
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Term
19.3
What are some projects and applications associated with Coastal GIS? |
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Definition
GIS@ ESRI coastal zone management - chesapeake bay.
Puget Sound watershed characterisation proj. WA Dept. Ecology.
NOAA restore the gulf. |
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Term
20.1
What is the difference between vulnerability and risk assessment in GIS analysis? |
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Definition
Vulner = the possibility of a receptor exposed to a hazard
Risk: probability of harm to receptor from a hazard |
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Term
20.2
What are some vulnerability assessment applications for a coastal GIS data model? |
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Definition
NOAA Coastal service center app of community risk and vulnerability and community resilience
CLESIN map gallery vulnerability to climate change |
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Term
20.3
What data structures, operations, and rules underpin assessment applications? |
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Definition
Datastruct: vector, raster, DEM, shapefile
Operations: toolbox tools, overlay, buffer, flow accum/direction.
Rules: constraints and limitation, restrictions |
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Term
21.1
What data types would be useful for nearshore and coastal/shoreline analysis? |
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Definition
conceptual data type (features)
Logical data type ( data struct)
Physical data type (data struct format and stored) |
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Term
21.2
What levels of analysis does the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Program suggest? |
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Definition
4 levels
L1- Shoreform Transition Analysis: characterizes shoreforms that compose process units as the basis for understanding change over time.
L2 - Shoreline Modification Analysis:
indicator of change in intertidal and nearshore habitats.
L3 - Buffer Analysis:
Plan and compensate by using multiple modifications
L4- Watershed Drainage Flow Analysis:
waterflows from watershed down river to shore then sound. |
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Term
22.1
Why bother understanding non-point source contamination in watersheds? |
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Definition
understandings factors that affect water quality requires understanding of human impact.
Water quality can be examined in a larger spatial context to relate landscape patterns with down stream pollution |
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Term
22.2
What kinds of contaminants contribute significantly to non-point source pollution in watersheds? |
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Definition
water quality: physical, chem, bio of water impact agriculture, rrecreation, drinking
Runoff: varys through landscape |
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Term
22.3.
How can N-SPECT help us understand non-point source pollution in watersheds? |
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Definition
| Examine relationship between land cover, soil, topography, precipitation to assess spatial patterns of surface runoff, non-point poll. and erosion. |
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Term
22.4
How can SUSTAIN help us understand best management practices for addressing stormwater run-off that influences non-point source pollution in watersheds? |
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Definition
System for urban stormwater treatment & analysis integration by US EPA ArcGis based watershed scale, decision support frame work to coordinate watershed-scale investments strat to improve water quality.
Tool for evaluationg, selecting, placing management practices. |
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Term
23.1
What is the advantage of computing land use / land cover scenarios for a watershed and/or region? |
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Definition
| Can analyse alternative future trends of landscape. simplifies the complex thus making it easier to understand |
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Term
23.2
How does an agent-based approach inform a land use / land cover modeling? |
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Definition
-accepts vectors based input rep of landscape w/ datasets
-input descriptors that influence landscape
-add set of policies that reflect senario
Generates: 1. spatial coverage map. of landscapes w/ modifications
2. set of summary stats of changes |
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Term
| 23.3 How would various land use / land cover data scenarios be used to inform the N-SPECT non-point source pollution comparison tool and SUSTAIN stormwater analysis tool? |
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Definition
N-SPECT in put land use grid w/ datasets of proxy for potential contaminants
Then Envision simulates land use over time
SUSTAIN get input and computes runoff & best management practices. |
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