Term
| What causes an earthquake? |
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Definition
-Movement along a fault
-Volcanic Eruptions
-Landslides
-Anthropogenic
-"Elastic Strain" (returns to original shape after force is removed) |
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Term
| What are the measurement scales? |
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Definition
-Richter Scale: amplitude (NRG) *small*
-Movement Magnitude Scale: logarithmic scale (32x)*strong*
-Mercalli intensity: shaking intensity (effect on humans & objects) |
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Term
| What are the impacts of Earthquakes? |
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Definition
-Weakening of rock and structures
-Tsunami: (Long term) sanitation, food/water contamination |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a Tsunami? |
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Definition
*not tidal waves*
-Undersea earthquake
-Landslides
-Volcanic eruptions
-Extraterrestrial collision |
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Term
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Definition
-Strike-Slip**
Jan 12, 2010
-Caribbean and North American plate
-M 7.0
->200,000 deaths
-Cholera |
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Term
| What happened in Sumatra? |
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Definition
Indian Plate, stuck under Burma plate
-M 9.1
-Measurable throughout the world |
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Term
| What happened in Honshu, Japan? |
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Definition
March 11, 2011
-Pacific plate under North American
-M 9.0
-Nuclear plants damaged
-Tsunami |
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Term
| What happened to Mt.Huascaran, Peru? |
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Definition
May 31, 1970
- M 7.8
-Rock mass and glacial ice **collapsed (mix of rock/water/ice/mud) |
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Term
| What causes Tropical cyclones? |
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Definition
-Only in tropical regions
-Waves in Trade Winds
-High humidity
-warm surface water
-Cooler air aloft |
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Term
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Definition
-Rotates counter-clockwise in the North
-Bands of clouds
-"Eye" has descending air (clear)-- hurricane eye
-Height reaches top of troposphere |
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Term
| What are storm surges and storm tides? (Hurricane) |
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Definition
Storm surges: pressure and wind comp. (storm tide - normal tide = surge)
Storm tides: when storm surge collides with high tide, looks like )( |
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Term
| The Great drowning of men - 1362 |
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Definition
Low countries- dikes
>25,000 deaths
possibly a hurricane |
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Term
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Definition
-8m storm surge
->1800 deaths
-most deaths contributed by surge breaching levees, bulldozer effect |
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Term
| Storm intensity and frequency |
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Definition
| Hurricanes will decrease in frequency, but increase in intensity with a warming climate. |
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Term
|
Definition
-They form along COLD fronts
-Intense wind shear
-Updrafts
-Associated with cumulonimbus clouds (fat
-Wind shear causes ~spinning~ updraft, tilting it UPwards |
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Term
| How do tornadoes distribute? |
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Definition
-Strong wind shear
-Warm moist air mass, collides with cold air masses
-Mountains tells where air masses move |
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Term
| Tornado vs. Hurricane scale |
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Definition
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Term
| What are frontal storm hazards? |
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Definition
-High winds
-Hail
-Localized flooding
-Lightening strikes |
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Term
|
Definition
-Sea surface temperature
-Will rise with warmer climate
-More moisture will result in more NRG contained in air masses
-More NRG to fuel these storms |
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Term
|
Definition
-Several days of 40 degrees
-1540: hottest summer ~40,000 died |
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Term
| What causes drought and famine? |
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Definition
-Strong La Nina (reduced rain)
-Horn of Africa: worst drought in 60
-Crop failure, loss of livestock |
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Term
|
Definition
-Driven by seasonal monsoons
-Deforestation
-El Nino frequency increases
-Water diseases: Cholera, typhoid, dysentery
-Malaria, dengue fever (mosquitoes) |
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Term
| What was the weather/climate like during MWP (Medieval Weather Period)? |
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Definition
-Sort of..stable climate
-Stable SUMMER weather
-Avg summer temp: 1degree higher than current
-Central Europe: 1.4d higher |
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Term
|
Definition
-Dramatic population growth
-Cathedral building built (Golden age)
-Surplus in resources |
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Term
| "Degrading Climate" period 1250AD |
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Definition
-Increasing number of cold years in N.Atlantic
-Increased sea ice around Greenland
-No contact between Iceland and Greenland |
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Term
| The Great Famine- Weather/Climate |
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Definition
-1315-1322AD
-Storms
-Spring rains prevented planting
-Rain in summer, cold winters
-*Shift in NAO brought very cold winters* |
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Term
| The Little Ice Age - Weather/Climate (LIA) |
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Definition
1310-1850AD
-0.5d colder
-high precipitation
-Coldddd, Low NAO
-Irregular temperatures |
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Term
|
Definition
-Famine= population decreased
-Change in Agriculture practice |
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Term
| Hazards in Climate change? |
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Definition
-Sea level rise
-Thermohaline (ocean conveyor)disrupted
-Change in magnitude of weather events |
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Term
| What causes sea-level change? |
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Definition
-CO2 emissions
-accelerated melting back of glaciers and ice sheets
-decreases in oceanic pH
-deceleration of the thermohaline circulation |
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Term
| Sea-level rise causes which regions at risk? |
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Definition
| Bangladesh- 1m from sea-level |
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Term
| EXtreme swings in weather? |
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Definition
-Greater temp/humidity = extreme redistribution
-Heat waves
-Wildfires
-Hydrological hazards (droughts, floods)
-EXtreme storms (tornadoes, hurricane, typhoons, storm surges) |
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Term
|
Definition
Hurricane = Atlantic
Typhoon = Pacific |
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