Term
| At what angle is the world's axis tilted? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the northern hemisphere is receiving the most direct sunlight, what season is it for us? And what day does the equinox/solstice for this season occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the southern hemisphere is receiving the most direct sunlight, what season is it for us? And what day does the equinox/solstice of this season occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the fall and spring equinoxes, the northern and southern hemispheres receive the same amount of direct sunlight. On which days do these equinoxes occur? |
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Definition
Spring - March 21
Fall - September 21 |
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Term
| What is the circumference of the Earth? |
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Definition
25,000 miles
*Fact: Centrifical force (from the Earth's spinning) makes the Equator slightly longer than the Prime Meridian. |
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Term
| What are the diameters of the Earth and Moon? |
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Definition
Earth - 8,000 miles
Moon - 2,000 miles |
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Term
What is the Speed of Light (C)?
How many times can light circle the Earth in one second?
How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth? |
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Definition
Speed of Light (C) - 186,000 miles/sec
Circles around Earth 7-8 times in one second.
Takes 8 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. |
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Term
| What is the distance from the Earth to the Sun? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the width and height of our galaxy in light years (LY)? |
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Definition
Width - 100,000 LY
Height - 1,000 LY |
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Term
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Definition
| There are billions of galaxies that are millions of light years apart. |
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Term
| The Tropic of Cancer is at what degree latitude? North or South? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Tropic of Capricorn is at what degree latitude? North or South? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Arctic Circle is at what degree latitude? North or South? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Antarctic Circle is at what degree latitude? North or South? |
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Definition
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Term
| Demographic Transition Stage 1, known as the "Static Population" stage, has high birth rates. Name 2 reasons why this stage has high birth rates. |
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Definition
1. Agricultural societies
2. Parent survival enhanced
3. Living space and food are cheap (buying space, food, entertainment, and time are modern ideas for an urbanized world)
4. More farm labor |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Stage 1, known as the "Static Population" stage has high death rates for what two reasons? |
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Definition
1. Lack of hygiene
2. Lack of medical knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Papua New Guinea is an example of a Demographic Transition Stage 1. |
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Term
| Demographic Transition stage 2, known as the "Booming Population" stage, has high birth rates for what reason? |
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Definition
| Still agricultural societies (America has only 2% farmers, 3rd world still largely farmers). |
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Term
| Demographic Transition stage 2, known as the "Booming Population" stage, has low death rates for what 2 reasons? |
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Definition
1. Medical knowledge and medical care (such as vaccines, importance of bathing [with soap], understanding of circulatory system, etc. "Dead Riner/graveyar shift").
2. More food/Less famine (new farm technology, wider variety of seed/crops from around the world as a product of the age of exploration [i.e. potatoes from the New World which grow in almost every climate and elevation] - many new seeds produced larger farm yields and made starvation less common). |
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Term
| What are the three basic positive outcomes of Organic Agriculture? |
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Definition
1. Heals the soil
2. Heals our bodies
3. It's sustainable |
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Term
| Name 2 reasons why there has been a loss of connection between Humans and the Earth? |
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Definition
1. Increase in Global population in the last 150 years
2. Increase in Mechanization and farms size and chemicals
3. Increase in soil and environmental damage
*Return to Organic Farming and harmony with Earth's soil. |
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Term
| What are three examples of things conventional farmers do to alter the growing patterns of crops to make them more profitable and prosperous? |
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Definition
1. Crop dusting
2. Pesticides and herbicides
3. Fertilizer oil
4. Large scale mono-cropping
5. No fallow (fallow=rest)
6. Heavy chemical additives (herbicides [chemical vs. not], pesticides, fertilizer)
7. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) |
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Term
| What is the definition of Conventional Farming? |
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Definition
| Chemical-intensive farming for profit. |
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Term
| What is a GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)? |
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Definition
Seeds are genetically modified to give the plant favorable growth characteristics.
*Fact: U.S. produces most GMOs on Earth by a large number. |
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Term
| List some negatives of the era of Conventional Farming on human and animal lives. |
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Definition
1. Pesticides and herbicide residues in soil, water, plants, animals, and humans.
2. Cancer.
3. Massive topsoil loss.
4. Small family farms out of business...leads to an imbalanced economy.
5. Unsustainable...Diminished soil productivity from unsustainable agriculture. |
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Term
| What are the top 12 pesticide contaminated fruits and vegetables? |
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Definition
1. Strawberries
2. Bell Peppers
3. Spinach
4. Cherries
5. Peaches
6. Cantaloupe (Mexico)
7. Celery
8. Apples
9. Apricots
10. Green Beans
11. Grapes (Chile)
12. Cucumbers |
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Term
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Definition
| Over $100 million worth of pesticides and herbicides are illegal in the US are sold annually (mostly to the 3rd world) by companies like Dow, Dupont, Bayer, and Novartis. |
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Term
| What is the definition of Organic Agriculture? |
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Definition
| Holistic, sustainable farming without chemicals. |
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Term
| What are some positive things Organic farmers do as opposed to conventional farmers? |
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Definition
1. Crop rotation and diversification
2. All natural inputs (natural herbicides pesticides and fertilizers).
3. Vertical Integration (when a company owns all levels of production)
4. Working with nature's cycles (growing crops appropriate to the climate and soil and in alignment with the local growing seasons).
5. Growing food for the local community (even though organic food is becoming increasingly an export commodity, it is still overwhelmingly produced for local consumption, which keeps nutrients and money in the community and reduces CO2 emmision). |
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Term
| What are the three major megacities? |
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Definition
1. Mexico City
2. Buenos Aires
3. Sao Paolo |
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Term
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Definition
Qualities of Megacities:
1. 2% population increase: stage 2 countries (in Latin America).
2. Urban to Rural migration (largest in human history, but pushed not pulled to cities).
3. Squatter settlements (poor construction, lack of utilities and amenities). |
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Term
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Definition
| Rich volcanic ash soils are suitable for agriculture. |
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Term
| Which countries sell timber, sugar and soy, petroleum, coffee, beef, wool, and cocaine? |
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Definition
Timber: Brasil, Chile
Sugar and Soy: Brasil (ethanol)
Petroleum: Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico
Coffee: Brasil, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Beef: Argentina, Brasil
Wool: Bolivia, Peru
Cocaine: Colombia, Bolivia, Peru |
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Term
*FACT CARD*
Spanish Invasion |
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Definition
1. Aztecs 1521 - Cortez took over Aztec capital (Tecnochtitlan)
2. Incas 1532 - Pizarro conquered Incas (Cuzco)
3. Spain's shift in focus (800 year Moor war ends in 1491)
4. Deceptive Tactics
5. Indigenous decimation (still large indigenous population in Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia). |
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Term
*FACT CARD*
History of Catholicism |
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Definition
1. Rapidly accepted (notion of Catholic Saints mixed well with local polytheism)
2. Pope: Treaty of Tordesillas (this is why Brasil speaks Portuguese)
3. More "religious" toward the equator. |
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Term
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Definition
1. 3 times larger than in U.S. (strong African culture influence in N.E. Brazil)
2. Three genetic groups on Latin Amica: Indigenous, European, African. |
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