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GEOG 1113 Final
study
91
Geography
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2015

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Term
Coastal Components
Definition
Coastal area; Shore; shoreline; littoral zone; and Beach
Term
Coastal Area
Definition
The strip of land and water where various processes form the characteristic seacoast/coastal landscapes.
Term
shore
Definition
from the high tide line outward past the low tide line.
Term
shoreline
Definition
the actual contact border between land and water.
Term
littoral zone
Definition
a point inward of the high tide line outward/seaward to a poinr where the water in about 200' deep.
Term
Beach
Definition
the coastal zone of sediment shaped by wave action.
Term
Agents of Geomorphic Change
Definition
Waves; Currents; Tides
Term
Waves
Definition
undulations of water produced by wind energy being transferred to water (wave) energy.
Term
Wave Size
Definition
determined by wind velocity, direction, duration, and fetch.
Term
wave components
Definition
wave height; wave length; waver period
Term
wave height
Definition
vertical distance between the crest and trough.
Term
wave length
Definition
horizontal distance between two successive wave crests passing a fixed point
Term
types of waves
Definition
swells; waves of translation; breakers; surf; swash; back wash
Term
swells
Definition
a series of open ocean waves
Term
waves of translation
Definition
those swells which have begun to be affected by the ocean bottom.
Term
breakers
Definition
a wave whose height is increased by moving into shallower water exceeds vertical stability and falls forward or "breaks over."
Term
surf
Definition
a series of breaking waves.
Term
swash
Definition
thin sheet of water that slides up the beach.
Term
back wash
Definition
water from swash that flows back into the ocean.
Term
wave refraction
Definition
the process of incoming waves (thus wave energy) being redirected or the idea of wave bending.
Term
coastal currents
Definition
formed by the redirection of wave energy.
Term
types of coastal currents
Definition
longshore and rip currents
Term
longshore current
Definition
generated by refracted waves redirecting some of the energy laterally along the beach and moving parallel to the coast.
Term
longshore drift
Definition
the transport of sand along the beach created by longshore currents
Term
rip current
Definition
narrow, stream like flows of water moving perpendicular to or away from the shore.
Term
Tides
Definition
the cyclical rise and fall of water level on the shore.
Term
tidal range
Definition
the amount of vertical change in sea level
Term
the two primary ocean movements
Definition
global scale currents and upwelling
Term
global scale ocean currents
Definition
the horizontal movement of ocean water primarily at the surface. It is driven by surface winds, which drag the water along. the speed is greatest at the surface and decreases with depth. the direction is governed by wind direction.
Term
Ekman Spiral
Definition
the curvature of a global scale current
Term
upwelling
Definition
vertical movement of water within the ocean between the surface and great depth.
Term
coastal degradational processes
Definition
hydraulic action; corrasion; corrosion; attrition
Term
hydraulic action
Definition
moving water against the shore/beach to erode some surfaces and build up others.
Term
corrasion
Definition
use of rock fragments/other materials in water to erode the shore.
Term
corrosion
Definition
chemical breakdown of rock material by dissolving them in the water.
Term
coastal degradation landforms
Definition
sea cliffs; sea caves; headland; wave cut platforms; sea stack; sea arches
Term
sea cliffs
Definition
steep, coastal escarpments as the result of eros by waves on a headland.
Term
sea caves
Definition
formed by wave action undercutting and forming at the base of a sea cliff.
Term
headland
Definition
resistant rock coastline
Term
wave cut platforms
Definition
the slightly sloped often broad bench formed at the base of many sea cliffs. they indicate that the coast has seen a change in the sea level compared to the land.
Term
sea stacks
Definition
isolated columns or rock masses surrounded by water along a coast that were part of a former headland.
Term
sea arches
Definition
rock arch under which water can flow.
Term
beach profile
Definition
this can be subdivided into sections based on the erosion potential of the wave action (energy) versus depositional potential.
Term
offshore
Definition
the section that is always submerged.
Term
foreshore
Definition
the section that is exposed at low tide and covered during high tide.
Term
back shore
Definition
section from high tide line to dune line. this is where berms develop. flat sandy beach area beyond daily wave action
Term
coastal dunes
Definition
formed by eolian processes, primary dunes.
Term
sandspit
Definition
elongated extension of beach into open water in front of a bay or other inlet. formed by longshore drift.
Term
baymouth bar
Definition
sand spit which has formed all the way across the opening. forms parallel to the coast.
Term
tombolos
Definition
deposition of sand which joins an island or rock outcropping with the mainland. usually oriented perpendicular to the shore.
Term
lagoon
Definition
the body of water between a barrier island and mainland
Term
examples of a barrier island
Definition
GA Coast
Term
emergent coastlines
Definition
those who have been seemingly uplifted, either due to a rise in sea level or rise in land. they typically have numerous landforms due to erosional processes. Ex. are U.S West Coast
Term
submergent coastlines
Definition
where the land is seemingly sinking, either by sea level is rising. ex are u.s. east coast and gulf coast
Term
living shoreline
Definition
those created by or composed primarily of living organisms.
Term
coral reef
Definition
built of coral with a lagoon in the middle.
Term
atolls
Definition
a circular coral reef with a lagoon in the middle.
Term
mangrove swamp
Definition
composed of mangrove plants and found along many tropical coastlines.
Term
salt marsh
Definition
found at mid-latitudes, and composed of halophyllic plants.
Term
physiography
Definition
this is landscape description it includes landscape, ladnforms, climate, soils, vegetation, etc.
Term
hierarchal system
Definition
consist of two levels; physiographic regions and physiographic realms
Term
physiographic realm
Definition
this is the 1st order of classification at a broad spatial scale; uniformity of landscape and landforms
Term
physiographic region
Definition
this is the 2nd order of classification, it is more detailed encompassing a smaller scale. it is also called the physiographic province.
Term
physiographic realms of north america
Definition
Canadian shield realm; interior plains realm; Appalachian highlands realm; western mountains realm; Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain Realm; and Central American Mts. Realm
Term
canadian shield realm
Definition
exposed or thinly covered igneous and metamorphic crystalline rock. also, its the original core of North America. contains only one region: the Arctic Coastal Plain
Term
arctic coastal plain
Definition
covered by continental ice sheets several times. It is the only region of the canadian shield realm.
Term
interior plains realm
Definition
low relief to low undulating hills underlain by sedimentary rocks. includes three regions; the great plains, interior lowlands, and interior highlands.
Term
the great plains
Definition
a region of the interior plains realm. It is more arid than other regions in this realm and is covered by grasslands. It is also highly glaciated in the northern sections.
Term
interior lowlands
Definition
It is also highly glaciated in the northern section. It is a region of the interior plains realm.
Term
interior highlands
Definition
it is a region of the interior plains realm. It is composed of two mountainous areas: the ozark mountains and the Ouchita mountains
Term
Ozark Mountains
Definition
These mountains are a part of the interior highlands region, They are domed sedimentary strata. Also, 1500 ft above the surrounding plains.
Term
Ouachita Mountains
Definition
These mountains are a part of the interior highlands region. They are more folded, ridge valley type mountains.
Term
Appalachian Highlands Realm
Definition
This realm is characterized by elongated ridges in parallel or zig zag pattern. It includes five regions; the Appalachian plateau, Ridge & valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and New England Maritime
Term
Appalachian Plateau
Definition
This region is in the Appalachian highlands Realm. It is marked my Allegheny and Cumberland escarpment. It consists of sedimentary strata layers, including several layers of coal deposits.
Term
Ridge and Valley
Definition
This region is in the Appalachian Highlands Realm. It is a series of parallel ridges. There are numerous anticlines and synclines of sedimentary strata. its eastern edge is the Great Valley of the Appalachians
Term
Blue Ridge
Definition
this region is in the Appalachian Highlands Realm. It is made of ancient, metamorphic/crystalline rock. This is the oldest region of the Appalachians.
Term
Piedmont
Definition
This region is in the Appalachian Highlands realm. It is known as "the foothills of the Appalachians." It is a mixture of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. Along the eastern edge is the fall line.
Term
fall line
Definition
Located on the eastern edge of the Piedmont region. It is the farthest inlet extent of river navigation due to existence of waterfalls and rapids. An example is Atlanta or Athens. It is along Augusta, Macon, and Columbus.
Term
New England Maritime
Definition
this is a region in the Appalachian Highlands realm. It is highly glaciated during Pleistocene, and consists of ancient crystalline rocks.
Term
Western Mountains realm
Definition
this realm includes 9 regions; southern rock mountains, middle rocky mtns, Northern rocky mtns, columbia plateau, Basin and range, Sierra Nevada Mtns, Central Valley, Pacific Coast Ranges, and the Cascade Range.
Term
Southern Rocky Mountains
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. It consists of crystalline rock with upturned sedimentary strata. It is some elevation over 14,000ft above sea level. An example is Sangre de Cristo and San juan
Term
middle rocky moutains
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. it is composed of fault block mountains (tetons). It has anticlinal uplifts of sedimentary rocks. Yellowstone is an example
Term
Northern Rock Mountains
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. It includes mountains of large batholiths, folded sedimentary strata, and areas of extrusive volcanism. An example is Bitterroot.
Term
Columbia Plateau Region
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. It is one of the world's largest flood basalt (lava) surfaces.
Term
Colorado Plateau
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. It is a flat, horizontal sedimentary strata carved by fluvial erosion and differential erosion/weathering. It includes the Grand Canyon. It is highly and does exhibit some volcanic features.
Term
Basin Rouge
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. It is a region of internally drained basins. these basins and ranges are the result of faulting forming the horst-graben topography. Death Valley NP is located in this area.
Term
sierra nevada mountains and central valley region
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. this region is a series of uplifted batholiths. It shows evidence of past alpine glaciation. It includes yosemite, central valley, of california. It is underlain by sedimentary rock.
Term
Pacific Coast Ranges Region
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. Its ranges of folded, sedimentary rock, and a few volcanic origin. A key feature is that the plate boundary between the pacific and North american plates. (San Andreas Fault Zone) Ex. Wrangell, Olympic , and Santa ana.
Term
Cascade Range Region
Definition
this region is in the western mountains realm. This is a rangeof composite volcanoes. It is the result of continental oceanic convergence.
Term
Gulf Atlantic Coastal Plain Realm
Definition
This realm is underlain by sedimentary strata. The southern half of Georgia lies on the coastal plain. For the most part, its just tilted material. Florida has karst formations and marine limestone.
Term
Central American Mountains Realm
Definition
this realm is dominated by volcanoes and volcanic landforms. It is the result of the oceanic-oceanic convergence plate boundary. An example is the Sierra Madres Mountains.
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