Term
| What do political geographers study? |
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Definition
| Study how people have organized the land into countries (states); The reasons behind these alliances, how these countries are continually changing. Seek to understand the cultural and physical factors that underlie political unrest in the world. |
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| How many states make up the political culture regions of today? How many are recognized by the UN? Is this number expected to increase or decrease? |
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Definition
| Currently – 195 states – 192 recognized by the UN. Expected to increase |
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Definition
area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government
(country is synonymous)
The concept to organize the earth into states is a recent phenomenon (since the 1800s) |
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independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
Ex. Korea? |
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a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside (tribe).
Ex. Mesopotamia- eastern end of the Fertile Crescent centered in the Tigris and Euphrates river valley (Present day Iraq)
If one city-state were to conquer another – they became an empire Mesopotamia was organized into a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. (5000 BC to 500 BC) |
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when city-states combine and form a large area
Ex. Roman Empire controlled most of Europe, N. Africa and SW Asia. Comprised of 38 provinces, Massive walls helped the Roman army defend the empires’ frontiers. Collapsed in the 5th century |
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| European nobles portion of the Roman Empire was fragmented into large number of estates owned by competing kings, dukes, barons, and nobles. People were forced to live on the state, working and fighting for the benefit of the Nobel. A handful of powerful kings emerged as rulers over large estates around 1100. The consolidation of neighboring estates under unified control served as the basis for the modern W. European states of England, France, and Spain. Much of Germany and Italy remained fragmented into a large # of estates, not consolidated until the mid 1800s |
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territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state
UK and France assembled the largest colonial empire. As Europe became organized into states, European countries established colonies in much of the rest of the world, Three reasons: God, Gold, Glory: To promote Christianity, To provide resources for the European state, To demonstrate their relative power. Colonial era began in the 1400s
Ex. Puerto Rico – a Commonwealth of the US – its 4 million residents are US citizens but they don’t vote and they do not have a voting member of Congress |
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| control of an area already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. |
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characterized by power being concentrated centrally, with little or no provincial authority. Places most power in hand of a central government
Ex. France, China – Unitary state to promote communisms |
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| allocates power to units of local governments within the country. Better able to accommodate regional differences and demands. Canada, Australia, US, Brazil, India and Switzerland |
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| The only large landmass in the world that is not part of a sovereign state |
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| Most populous state not in the United Nations, was part of china but now a sovereign state? |
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| development of states, ancient city-state. Mesopotamia was organized into a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. (5000 BC to 500 BC) |
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| controlled most of Europe, N. Africa and SW Asia. Early European State |
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| Smallest existing colony of European states, possessed by the UK – has 47 people (island is less than 5 sq. km) Settled by the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians who accompanied them in 1790 |
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Definition
| Largest existing colony of European states, a Commonwealth of the US – its 4 million residents are US citizens but they don’t vote or have a voting member of Congress |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
| NATO- after Cold War cooperation among states, US and 14 Western European allies and Canada |
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Definition
| Early version established in 1958 – 6 countries by 1980s 12 countries. Today – 27 countries and more want in. Committed to regional integration of economics and politics, Consist of 500 million citizens. Generates 30% share of the gross world product, Have a single economic market – standardization of laws, free movement of people, goods services. Euro – common currency adopted by 16 countries |
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| distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly – typically smaller countries - ideal would be a circle with the capitol in the middle – communication, transportation, defense through the region is more easily established. Ex. Rwanda and Burundi |
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otherwise compact country with a large projecting extension that can serve a state with access to resources (water).
Ex. Dem Rep. Congo – When Belgians gained control of Congo they carved out a proruption 500 km long following Zaire River – access to Atlantic. Notice how it split Angola - N. Portion - Cabinda
Namibia – 1890 - Germans carved out a proruption 500 km to west to gain access to Zambezi River.
Known as Caprivi Strip |
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long narrow shape
Ex. Gambia : Western Africa- Along the banks of the Gambia River 500 km east to west and 15 km south to north. Surrounded by Senegal – emphasizes the competition between the Brits (Gambia) and French (Senegal) during colonization – borders divided ethnic groups and families |
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several discontinuous pieces of territory. Fragmented by water – off- shore islands or Fragmented by another state, Or both
Ex. US -- Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Canada. Angola -- Congo |
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- A state that completely surrounds another.
Ex. Lesotho and S. Africa. Lesotho – almost completely dependent on S. Africa for the import and export of goods |
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follow some feature of the natural landscape
Ex. Argentina and Chile Andes Mountains. Uganda and Kenya, Tanzania- Lake Victoria |
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: often perfectly straight lines drawn without regard for physical or cultural features.
Ex. US/Canada - portion of the Northern boundary – 2100 km (1300 mile) straight line that follows the arc of 49 degrees latitude, from lake of the Wood Minnesota to Washington State. Drawn in 1846. |
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find their basis in some culture trait, usually language or religion
Ex. Saudi Arabia and bordering countries, Yemen, Oman, Iraq, Kuwait |
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| no longer exist as international borders, but they often leave behind a trace in the local cultures. (Reunification of Germany (1990) |
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| More Developed Countries, represent 20% of population yet consume 80% of world’s goods. US with 5% of population consumes 26% of world’s energy (oil/gas). China – 22% of pop – consumes 14% (up from 5% in last decada) |
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| Lesser Developed Countries |
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Human Development Index- Measures a countries level of development on the basis of three factors:
Economic, Social and demographic. UN collects and reports data. |
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Definition
| Gross Domestic Product- value of the total output of goods/services produced in a country by year. |
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| Gender Related Development Index- Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. Uses income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
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Gender Empowerment Measure- Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making. Calculated by combining :
2 indicators of economic power (Income and professional jobs)
2 indicators of political power (managerial jobs and elected jobs) |
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Definition
a variation of the International Trade Model
Products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small business in LDS’s
Often small local businesses band together to form coops – produce and package
Work to improve worker standards (labor laws)
Receive a higher price for the goods developed locally
Promotes local development (eliminates intermediaries – larger outside corp)
Prices may be higher but because it eliminates the intermediaries – price to consumer not that affected
Profits spread more evenly and to the indigenous people. Benefits women more |
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Definition
| exploits cheap labor; growers sell directly to the company |
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| What does the HDI measure? What variables are used? Which two regions have the lowest HDI (figure 9.1.5)? The highest? How can a country improve its HDI? |
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Definition
Measures a countries level of development on the basis of three factors: Economic, Social and demographic
UN collects and reports the data (since 1990) using the following factors: GDP - Gross Domestic Product, Literacy Rate, Amount of Education, Life expectancy, Highest HDI is 1.0 or 100%. U.S., Japan,
Europe, South Pacific have high HDI, Lowest- Asia, Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa.
Improve through- Development through Self-Sufficiency and Development through International Trade |
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Term
| What does the GDI measure and what variables are used? Have women achieved equal status in any country in the world? |
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Definition
| Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. Uses income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. No they suffer from less net income. |
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Term
| Women have what percentage of income of men in MDCs? In LDCs? What are the implications of this statistic? |
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Definition
Women have 60% of the income of men in MDCs and 50% in LDC’s
Women hold more power in MDC’s |
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| What percentage of women hold seats in their countries national legislature? What are the implications of this statistic? |
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Definition
| 19% MDCs to 17% LDCs. Development holds little effect on gender in legislature but MDC’s are still greater |
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| Explain how international trade can help a country develop. |
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Definition
| Concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinct local industries. Finances brought in can be used to fund other development. |
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Term
| Discuss the importance of agriculture and identify what part of the world’ working population is employed in agriculture. What parts of the globe have 75% of their labor force engaged in agriculture? What percentage of laborers work as agriculturists in MDCs? |
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Definition
| The principal enterprise of humankind through most of recorded history. More than 40% of people in world are farmers (75% LDC; 2% MDC) |
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Definition
| high percentage farmers; small farms, few machines, grow enough for local consumption (for themselves) |
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Definition
| small percentage farmers; large-scale corporate farms, reliance on high energy inputs/machines, can produce more and export |
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Definition
Series of agricultural inventions/innovations developed in late 50s combined with advances in plant genetics – miracle seed
Resulted in increasing yields/production up to 5 times
Increases in food production to feed growing populations \
Requires massive inputs of energy, fertilizers, pesticides which contributed to ecological effects
Thought to be the solution to world hunger, it did help, but did not
alleviate – still face hunger worldwide |
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Definition
Agribusiness/Corporate Agriculture- From the green revolution, agriculture grew into big business. Precision Agriculture - 1990s – computer/satellite/GPS technology applied to farming
Large-scale farming operations, Growth of specialized ancillary industries, Requires large input of energy , water, chemicals. Loss of small family farms, Today 0nly 2% of US employed in the agricultural sector
Can feed more - but expensive |
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Definition
One crop cultivate repeatedly over a large area, Heavy reliance on tech/machines.
Specialized plants requiring chemicals, Energy intensive, Large yields/easy to harvest, Cost effective – good for economy, Threat to ecosystem/biodiversity. Weakened nutrition |
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Definition
| 1990s – computer/satellite/GPS technology applied to farming |
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| Genetically Modifying organisms or crops |
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Biotechnology – Genetically Modified Organisms, Used in processed foods
High yielding – cost effective – easy to harvest – produce
High energy intensive – chemicals fertilizers |
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| Genetically Engineered crops (GE) or GMOs |
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Definition
Handful of countries - US at lead; China, Argentina, S. Africa
80% of all soybean is US, 40% of all corn, also papaya, bananas, fruit, wheat. Potatoes tomatoes
New species created from genetic markers to meet need of growers Cloning.
Ex. Bt crops (roundup ready) - Crops (corn, cotton, sorghum) treated with a pesticide so that when the pest eats the crop it dies). High resistance and concern about these crops globally – Japan, Europe, Africa, Australia, Canada refuse to trade. Little to no studies on the effects on both humans and the environment. Began in the 80s |
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Definition
| Biomagnification and bioaccumulation in tissue of all species. Concern from pesticides. Human health risks - respiratory, birth defects, learning disabilities, cancer, disease |
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| UN human minimum daily requirement for water |
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Definition
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Definition
| organic agriculture, looking for solutions in sustainable traditional techniques and not in monoculture, technology, and gmos |
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| Describe the origin and diffusion of plant domestication. What are the 3 major hearth areas of plant domestication and what types of plants did they domesticate? |
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Definition
Origin and diffusion of plant domestication
-Agriculture began with plant domestication
-domesticated plant: one deliberately planted, protected, and cared for by humans
-slow process, evolving over 1000s of years from a combo of accident and deliberate experiment
-probably didn’t develop in response to hunger or in areas prone to flooding
-independent innovation in areas of great biodiversity |
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Definition
Fertile Crescent (Middle East)
* bread grains, grapes, olives, apples
* 10,000 BP
* diffused to central Africa (coffee) |
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SE Asia
* rice, citrus, taro, bananas, sugarcane, (tea – 3000 bp_
* stimulus diffusion produced a secondary center in NE China |
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Definition
Mesoamerica
* started about 5,000 BP
* maize, tomatoes, chili peppers, and squash
* stimulus diffusion produced a secondary center in NW South America (potato) |
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Term
| Describe the origin and diffusion of animal domestication. What is the hearth area of animal domestication? |
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Definition
Origin and diffusion of animal domestication
-domesticated animal - one dependent on people for food and shelter
-apparently occurred later (with the exception of the dog) than did the first planting of crops
-people may have first domesticated cattle and some birds for religious reasons
-pigs and dogs may have attached themselves to human settlements to feed on garbage dog were selected for companionship
-Farmers of the S. Asia crop hearth and American Indians did not excel at animal domestication – didn’t have a lot to choose from; some success with poultry
Farmers of the Fertile Crescent deserve credit for the first great animal domestication/notably the herd animal |
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Definition
Practiced in Humid Low-Latitude regions with high temperatures and abundant rainfall. Each year villagers select a small tract of land surrounding settlement. Burn the dense tropical vegetation to clear the land. Plant the land with agricultural crops. Often called Slash and Burn. Tropical soils are fragile and easily leached. Can only work the land for a few year and then move on. Can take decades for the land to return. Traditional type of agriculture practiced for 1000’s of years. Increasing populations can
have negative effect.
Ex. Shift Cultivation Brazil |
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Definition
Based on herding of domesticated animals. Adapted to dry climates where planting crops is impossible. Occurs in semiarid lands in North Africa, Middle East and parts of Central Asia
Examples: Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and N. Africa and the Masai of East Africa
Animals provide milk and blood, and their skins and hair are used for clothing and tentsConsume mostly grain – Animals are not slaughtered (although dead ones may be eaten)The size of their heard is a measure of power and prestige and their main security during bad environmental
Conditions. Only about 15 million people are pastoral nomads yet they occupy 20% of Earth’s land area |
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| Intensive Subsistence, wet rice dominant |
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Definition
Occurs in densely populated East, South and SE Asia
Where agricultural density (ratio of farmers to arable land) is high. Families must produce enough food for their survival from a very small area of land, Most of work done by hand or with animal labor
Wet Rice - refers to practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field
Pressure of population growth has forced expansion of areas under rice cultivation to terraced hillsides and river valleys |
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| Intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant |
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Definition
Occurs in large population area of East and
South Asia where growing rice is difficult |
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Large farm that specializes in one or two crops
Cotton Sugarcane Coffee, Rubber, Tobacco, Tea
Form of commercial agriculture found in the Tropics and subtropics – Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Generally found in LDCs, plantations are often owned or operated by Europeans or North Americans and grow corps for sale primarily in MDCs |
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| Mixed Crop & Livestock- Integrates crops and livestock |
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Definition
| primarily US Midwest and Central Europe Corn in most commonly grown crop, followed by soybeans. Most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans Typical mixed commercial farm devotes nearly all land to growing crops but derives more than 3/4th of income from sale of animal products, such as beef milk and eggs. Involves Crop Rotation - rotating fields on a planned cycle |
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Definition
Most important agriculture practiced near large urban areas in MDC’s.
Dairy farms must be closer to their markets because milk I highly perishable.
Dairy farming in LDC’s has grown in recent years with rising incomes in urban areas |
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| Located in areas too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming. Crops on a grain farm are grown primarily for consumption by humans rather than by livestock. Most important crop – wheat for flour. US is largest producer of grain, primarily in the Plains states including Oklahoma |
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| Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced on semiarid or arid lands where vegetation is too sparse and soil to poor to support crops. Contemporary ranching has become part of the meat-processing industry. Animal Feeding Operation –Texas. Wyoming. Large scale commercial farms – feedlots |
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| Mediterranean- Occurs in Mediterranean Climates |
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Definition
| lands that border the Mediterranean Sea ; California, Chile, South Africa, Eastern Australia. Winters are wet and mild, Summers are hot and dry with a distinct fire season. Land is characterized by hills and mountains. Olives, grapes (wine), citrus, tomatoes are important crops |
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Definition
Predominant type of agriculture in the US Southeast. Long growing season and humid climates. Accessible to large markets. Also called truck farming (truck in old English
means exchange of goods). Grows many of the fruits and veggies – apples, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes |
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Term
| Define Desertification. Describe the major causes, its current global extent and the implications of the agricultural environmental impact. Discuss 5 major ways in which desertification can be prevented? |
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Definition
-Transforming arable/fertile & habitable land into desert
Causes (human induced): overuse/abuse of agricultural land, deforestation, overgrazing, overpopulation, change in weather/drought from global climate change, periods of drought worsen the problem.
Implications: loss of arable land, loss of biodiversity, can’t feed populations – starvation, contributes to cycle of poverty in LD’s
1. Sustainable agricultural practices
2. Conservation of land through terracing, crop rotation; intercropping; dry
land farming
3. Monitoring erosions rates – developing policies to minimize erosion rates
4. Wind breaks; hedgerows; anti-sand shields
5. Addressing climate change
6. Stabilizing population |
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Term
| What is the Industrial Revolution. What are its major impacts? |
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Definition
root was technology – occurred slowly. Started the 18th CE; still taking place today
-involves a series of inventions leading to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
-Suddenly whole societies could engage in limitless multiplication of goods and services
-Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed
Results:
-Huge population increases
- Large-scale environmental impacts
-No facet of life remains unaffected
-Most potent end effective agent of cultural change in modern times. Traditions of thousands of years have been discarded almost overnight, resulting in the replacement of folk culture by popular culture
-a generation ago, industry was highly clustered in handful of communities in MDCs, but industry has diffused to more communities including some in LDC’s
-Meanwhile, loss of manufacturing jobs in MDS has caused economic problems for communities traditionally dependent on them
-Manufacturing jobs seen as the engine of economic growth |
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Definition
those involved in extraction of natural resources from the Earth
Natural resources are defined by humans - from neutral stuff: agriculture, forestry, oil and gas, mining, fishing,Water |
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| processing stage, commonly called manufacturing, transforming and assembling raw materials. Ex. oil refining, steel, autos, toys, textiles |
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part of both the industrial and postindustrial phases -includes transportation, communication, and utility serves.
Tertiary: highways, rails, airlines, pipelines, telephones, radios, television, internet |
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Definition
those services mainly required by producers.
a. trade, wholesaling, retailing, advertising
b. banking, legal services, real estate transactions, insurance
c. consulting and information generation - computers
Represents one of the major growth sectors in postindustrial economies. Increasingly important is the collection, generation, storage, retrieval and processing of computerized knowledge and info – research publishing, consulting, and forecasting. Many depend on highly skilled, intelligent creative labor force –
Often cluster in technopoles around major universities and research centers. Also called high-tech corridors or silicon landscapes.
Ex.
San Francisco Bay Area – Berkeley
Harvard and MIT In New England
Research Triangle of Raleigh – Durham - Chapel Hill in NC |
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Definition
includes consumer related services
a. education
b. government
c. recreation/tourism
d. health/medicine
e. housecleaning and lawn service |
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Definition
| those that can be managed and used without being permanently depleted (forests; water; fishing) |
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| those that are depleted with use – finite amount (petroleum; minerals) |
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| a center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry |
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Definition
| process of social and economic change to a country's political economy in which there is the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, has ushered in the post industrial phase characterized by tertiary, quaternary and quinary economic sectors |
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Definition
| Industrial region clustered mainly in the NE part of the country |
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| area previously known as the manufacturing belt, today as America has lost manufacturing jobs to other countries due to cheap labor and improved transportation (globalization) |
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Definition
| process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation, and trade |
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Definition
| phase after the industrial phase with a move to tertiary industry including transportation, communication, and utility serves. |
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Term
| High tech corridor or silicon landscapes |
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Definition
| another name for technopoles, high tech manufacturing |
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Definition
| located in rural villages, usually as a sideline to agriculture (cobbler, miller, weaver, blacksmith |
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Definition
professional organization of highly skilled, artisans engaged full-time in their trades and based in towns and cities.
Prior to Industrial Revolution, society and culture were mostly rural and based on agriculture. before 1700 |
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| When and where did the industrial revolution begin? What 3 sectors of industrial activity were first affected? What invention by James Watt facilitated the growth in industry? How did changes in transportation affect the industrial revolution? |
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Definition
Arose among back-country English cottage crafts people in the early 1700s. Large mechanical looms replaced weavers who worked at a hand loom
First 3 sectors of industrial activity:
a. textiles – bleaching cotton (1746) steam engine – factory production - cotton gin (1793 by Eli Whitney)
b. metallurgy – iron, steel, steam engine allowed production to expand
c. mining – coal for energy (wood and whale oil used prior to this)
James Watt – 1760 invented the steam engine
Transportation changes - enhanced distribution of goods and facilitated the spread industrial revolution
Ex. Canals, Steel vessels replaced wooden sailing ships, railroads (transcontinental railroad US – 1869) |
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| When and where did the industrial revolution begin to spread? When was the US and Japan impacted? What countries have most recently been swept up in the industrial revolution? |
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Definition
Diffusion of Industrial Revolution from Britain
1. 1st 100 years, Britain had a monopoly on industrial innovations
2. By early 1800s, industrial revolution began to spread to continental Europe
3. US – 1850
4. Japan – 1900
5. Russia and Ukraine - 1900 – 1930
6. Recently: Taiwan, S. Korea, China, India, Singapore, Brazil joined the manufacturing age |
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