Term
| anthenosphere does this, lithosphere does not do this |
|
Definition
| will the lithosphere or athenosphere flow |
|
|
Term
| this section of the earth involved with plate techonics is rigid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three layers where plate techtonics happen |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.minkhollow.ca/becker/lib/exe/fetch.php%3Fhash%3Dcd56ca%26w%3D250%26media%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.plate-tectonics.org%252FLithosphere%252520and%252520Asthenosphere.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.minkhollow.ca/becker/doku.php?id%3Dmrc:gened-1101:disasters&h=259&w=430&sz=53&tbnid=jbLejR31aCEn6M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=149&zoom=1&usg=__uFxditgHXEN_TvcDPh1Fj3WmlSk=&docid=PQn4593tkEiJSM&sa=X&ei=onfBUO68BqSB0QG_9YCYCA&ved=0CDMQ9QEwAA&dur=342 |
|
|
Term
| lithosphere has this quality, and it his here |
|
Definition
| it is rigid, and it is between the top of the crust and the anthenosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mountains and dips in the crust push down on the mantle beneath it |
|
|
Term
| 3 best ways to map plate boundaries |
|
Definition
these are the best indicators of _____
1. epicenters of earthquakes
2. volcanoes- only at 2/3 kinds of plate boundaries: spreading centers and subduction zones.
3. bathymetry: measurement of topography of ocean |
|
|
Term
| convergent plate boundaries include four kinds of faults |
|
Definition
| these faults are all one kind of plate boundary 1. thrust 2. reverse 3. collision4. subduction |
|
|
Term
| subductions faults at convergent plate boundaries form between what two kinds of plate |
|
Definition
| ocean-continent and ocean-ocean |
|
|
Term
| collision faults at convergent plate boundaries are between what kinds of plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| divergent plate boundaries include these kinds of faults |
|
Definition
these kinds of faults are evidence of what kind of plate boundary
1. normal faults
2. sea-floor spreading/mid-ocean ridge
3. rift valley |
|
|
Term
| transform plate boundaries include these kinds of boundary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large igenous provinces composed of flood basalts are evidence of this phenomena |
|
Definition
| evidence of hotspots at the surface |
|
|
Term
| hotspots start as this deep in the earth |
|
Definition
| a plume of lighter rock that rises through the mantle and then the crust is the start of this phenomena |
|
|
Term
| a reduction of pressure has this effect on mantle plumes that will become hotspots |
|
Definition
| why mantle plumes go from solid to liquid as they rise from the mantle to the crust |
|
|
Term
| shape/movement/location of mantle plume |
|
Definition
| a tadpole shape of plastically moving rock in the mantle |
|
|
Term
| a trail of dead volcanoes is caused by this |
|
Definition
| a mantle plume continuing to rise from one spot as plates move leaves this |
|
|
Term
| 3 terms that make plates go |
|
Definition
1. convection currents
2. ridge push
3. slab pull
these are three causes of _____ |
|
|
Term
| explanation of how convection currents drive plate movement |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=XtiIJ5hbt3n43M:&imgrefurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003124/en/mantle.htm&docid=fH2fCKvXraXkBM&imgurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003124/images/convect.jpg&w=295&h=323&ei=_OnEUO-RJOjV0gGj_4HgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=308&vpy=139&dur=1298&hovh=235&hovw=215&tx=105&ty=113&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=33&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:158 |
|
|
Term
| ridge push's affect on plate movement |
|
Definition
| as magma comes out of volcanoes, it moves/pushes out to either side,as magma or rock |
|
|
Term
| slab pull's affect on plate movement |
|
Definition
| as subducting plates move downwards, they pull continents towards them |
|
|
Term
what are the two plate-moving activities going on here?
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=doyCAPwcVVdcxM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section12.2.htm&docid=L_NtHvZBApO3PM&imgurl=http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/images/0_quiz-12.2-03.jpg&w=570&h=273&ei=kabDUP6UCuXi0gH_lYCgAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=478&vpy=182&dur=1213&hovh=155&hovw=325&tx=168&ty=84&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=282&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:106 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 things not including heat that can cause melting of igneous rock |
|
Definition
these have what effect on very hot igneous rock
1. decompression
2. dissolution by adding water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
four types of _____
1.mafic
2. felsic
3. intermediate
4. ultramafic |
|
|
Term
composition of mafic magma |
|
Definition
| magma that is 45-52% silica with a lot of iron/magnesium |
|
|
Term
composition of felsic magma
|
|
Definition
magma that is 66-76% silica (silicic), has a lot of potassuim/aluminuim |
|
|
Term
| magma that is 52-66% silica |
|
Definition
| composition of intermediate magma |
|
|
Term
| magma that is 38-45% silica |
|
Definition
| composition of ultramafic magma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this compenent of magma polymerizes, making magma more viscous |
|
|
Term
| more viscous magma is more ____ |
|
Definition
| more felsic magma has a more ____ texture |
|
|
Term
| only place to find ultramafic magma |
|
Definition
| ocean ridges are the only place to find this kind of magma becuase it is so rare |
|
|
Term
| less viscous magma creates what when coming out of a volcano |
|
Definition
| fountains of magma coming out of a volcano can be caused by magma that is _____ |
|
|
Term
| assimilation in terms of rising magma bodies |
|
Definition
| when magam bodies rise, they consume the rock they move through |
|
|
Term
| 5 things that affect the composition of magma |
|
Definition
1. fractional crystalizaiton
2. source of rock compositon
3. partial melting
4. mixed magma
5. assimilation |
|
|
Term
| partial melting of rock goes in a particular order |
|
Definition
| felsic minerals melt first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when magma/lava cools, mafic minerals form first, they are more dense and sink down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid rock suspended in magma |
|
|
Term
| plutons and batholiths: similar in what way and different in what way |
|
Definition
similar in that they are both igenous intrusions,
the first is smaller on the scale
of a mountains or hill
the second is larger on the scale of mountain range |
|
|
Term
| an igneous intrusion on the scale of single hill or mountain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igneous intrusion on the scale of mountain range |
|
|
Term
the dome-shaped igneous intrusion
http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=tg8MSzNyBrSOgM:&imgrefurl=http://vankid.deviantart.com/art/Laccolith-and-Lopolith-86364109&docid=tsR9cxMOErvLAM&imgurl=http://www.deviantart.com/download/86364109/Laccolith_and_Lopolith_by_VanKid.png&w=1084&h=787&ei=KK7DUNroGYLF0QGb94Ag&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=197&vpy=280&dur=4100&hovh=191&hovw=264&tx=118&ty=122&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=206&start=0&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:110 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long, vertical, pointy ingeous intrusion that follows cracks or fissures in the rock and goes through mulitple strata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long, thin, horizontal ingenous intrusions that fit between strata in rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflated sill that forms a dome |
|
Definition
| laccolith can come from what other kind of igneous intrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peice of bedrock suspended in magma/igneous instrusion |
|
|
Term
| felsic lava flows have what quality and why |
|
Definition
| these kinds of flows are explosive, becuase they are viscous because of high levels of polymerized silica |
|
|
Term
| mafic lava flows have what quality and why |
|
Definition
| they have long lava flows because of low viscosity which is caused by a low level of polymerized silica |
|
|
Term
| long lava flows come from what kind of lava and why |
|
Definition
| they come from mafic lava which has a low viscosity which is caused by low silica content |
|
|
Term
| explosive lava flows come from what quality of lava and why |
|
Definition
| these kinds of lava flows come from felsic lava which has a high polymerized silica content |
|
|
Term
| which kind of lava flows can go up to 500 km? |
|
Definition
| mafic flows are the only kind of lava flow that have this kind of length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when lava flows beneath the surface of cooled rock from a lava flow |
|
|
Term
| pillow lavas/pillow basalts |
|
Definition
| formation when low-viscosity lava flows meet ocean |
|
|
Term
| shape of pillow lava/pillow basalts |
|
Definition
| discontinous lumps of igneous rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth, ropey-looking cooled lava flows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chunky, broken-up slow cooled lava flows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lava flows break up into columns when they cool and contract. the columns tend to have 3-7 flat sides |
|
|
Term
| a lava flow that goes less than 2 km and forms a dome |
|
Definition
| distance travled/shape formed by felsic lava flow |
|
|
Term
| distance travled by intermediate between felsic and mafic lava flow |
|
Definition
lava flow that goes avg 10 km |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance traveled by mafic lava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock from volcanos or mostly from volcanos that have been moved by physical action |
|
|
Term
| tiny glass shards emitted from a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pea to plum sized fragments of scorla and pumice that have different names depnding on how stretched they are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very stretched out lapilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somewhat strecthed out lapilli |
|
|
Term
| pumice or scorla coming out of a volcano usally takes what shape and is what |
|
Definition
| usually takes the shape of pea to plum sized fragments and is called lapilli |
|
|
Term
| any fragmented material from a volcanoe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pieces of rock, apple to refrigerator sized launched from a volcano |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peices of rock, apple to refrigerator sized launched from a volcano that were already solid when launched |
|
|
Term
| volcaniclastic pieces of magma, apple-refrigerator sized, that are launched magma and soldify in the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this kind of rock makes up pyroclastic flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| avalanche of ash or ash+lapilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pyroclastic debris suspended in the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a rock madesolidified pyroclastic material, little peices of volanic rock suspended in volcanic ash matrix. (the little peices are lapilli) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vesicles are found in what two kinds of rock |
|
Definition
1. pumice
2. scoria
these rocks are similar in that they have little bits of gas suspended in them called _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet pyroclastic flow primarily made of fluidized ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wet pyroclastic flow composed primarily of fluidized ash |
|
|
Term
| general term for pyroclastic materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is left from when a volcano collapses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a magma chamber underneath volcano dries up, what can occur |
|
Definition
| this causes a volcano to collapse and become a caldera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an indent in the ground where a volcano collapsed when the magma chamber under it collapsed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large areas covered by igenous rock that come from a volcano |
|
|
Term
| 3 qualites of shield volcanos |
|
Definition
1. low viscosity lava/magma (mafic)
2. found in hawaiian islands
3. large pyroclastic sheets
these are all qualities of ____ |
|
|
Term
| 3 qualites of cinder cones |
|
Definition
1. cone-shaped piles of tephra
2. loose pyroclastic debris means a low angle of repose
3. scoria
these are qualities of ______ |
|
|
Term
| strata volcanoes are also called |
|
Definition
| composite volcanos are also called |
|
|
Term
| 2 qualites of strata/composite volcanos |
|
Definition
1. more viscous thus more towards mafic/intermediate side of the spectrum
2. steep |
|
|
Term
| lava from effusive eruptions takes what shape |
|
Definition
| long bendy lava flows and lava lakes |
|
|
Term
| 3 factors that make an eruption more explosive |
|
Definition
1. lots of pyroclastics
2. high gas content of magma
3. a lot of water
all factors that make an eruption more ____ |
|
|
Term
| magma with a high viscosity's effect of effusiveness of a volcanic eruption |
|
Definition
| this kind of magma/lava will lead to a less effusive, more explosive reaction |
|
|
Term
| a more effusive eruption would be a result of what factors |
|
Definition
| this kind of eruption would be a result of viscous, mafic lava |
|
|
Term
| silica's relationship with effusiveness of volcanic eruptions |
|
Definition
| this mineral increases the viscosity of magma. viscous magma reduces the effusivness of an eruption |
|
|
Term
| difference between large igneous provinces (LIP) and other igneous extrusions |
|
Definition
| the magma that creates the ____ comes from many long fissures (cracks) instead of a central vent |
|
|
Term
| massive platus of solidified rock that come from millions of years of outwelling of lava from fissures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of rock makes up LIP |
|
Definition
| basalt makes up this type of igneous extrusion |
|
|
Term
| another term for flood basalts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 kinds areas with volcanic activity |
|
Definition
1. subduction zones
2. hotspots
3. rifts and midocean ridges
4. LIP
all these are alike in the way that they all have _____ |
|
|
Term
| these 4 areas all have volcanic activity |
|
Definition
1. subduction zones
2. hotspots
3. rifts and ocean ridges
4. LIP all these are alike in that all have ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when upper levels are eroded away and older, "basement rocks" are exposed and sediments are deposited on the basement rocks |
|
|
Term
| metamorphic texture, the way metamorphic rocks assemble themselves in a formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages often found together that indicate a certain combination of heat and pressure conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metamorphised ingneous rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any part of the crust not affected by mountain building for at least 1 billion years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metamorphic and igneous rocks exposed on the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the igneous and metamorphic rocks buried by a thin veneer of younger sedimentary rocks |
|
|
Term
| two kinds of mountain building events |
|
Definition
1. plates colliding
2. volcanos |
|
|
Term
| accretion in the context of plates colliding |
|
Definition
| when plates collide, island arcs or volanic islands get stuck to a continent that the other plate is colliding with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peices of crust that get stuck to a contient during accretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volcanoes are the only example of a mountain in this predicament |
|
|
Term
| mountains, volcanic or otherwise tend in form the shape of ____ |
|
Definition
| this geologic things likes to form in the shape of chains |
|
|
Term
| which kinds of mountains, those formed by plate techtonics or those formed by volcanos like to make chains |
|
Definition
| both these kinds of mountains like to make chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mountain building as a result of a continent-continent convergent plate boundary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brittle rocks are put under stress and strain |
|
Definition
| this combination of factors leads to faults of the rock |
|
|
Term
| ductile rocks are put under stress and strain |
|
Definition
| this combination of factors leads to folding |
|
|
Term
| 4 factors that effect the way mountains are built |
|
Definition
1. pressure
2. heat
3. composition of rocks
4. rate of mountain building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold where oldest rocks are in the core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold where youngest rocks are in the core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=b3qHo5w1jdj4NM:&imgrefurl=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html&docid=7rZ3cq6d0jbkbM&imgurl=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/monocline.gif&w=475&h=261&ei=0iLFUJSPD_S80QGHo4GYDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1171&vpy=102&dur=529&hovh=165&hovw=303&tx=151&ty=59&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=144&tbnw=262&start=0&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:104 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| border between converging ocean-continent plates on the ocean plate side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| border between converging ocean-continent plates on the continent side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uplift that creates mountains over time as a result of convergent plates |
|
|
Term
| 4 settings for mountain buildings |
|
Definition
| 1. subduction 2. collision 3. extensional 4. divergent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| islands that get accretion-ed to a continent |
|
|
Term
| convergent plate boundaries would create mountains in these two ways |
|
Definition
1. fold-thrust belt
2. volcanoes from subducted plate |
|
|
Term
| mountain ranges created from collision faults have these two qualities |
|
Definition
1. huge
2. lots of metamorphic rock |
|
|
Term
| fold-thrust belts come from two kinds of plate boundaries |
|
Definition
1. subduction
2. collision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they come from a thrust-fold activity from collision of indain and asain plates |
|
|
Term
| doubly-plunging anticline makes what shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 factors that effect the deformation of rock formation like faulting or folding |
|
Definition
1. heat
2. pressure
3. composition of rocks
4. rate of strain |
|
|
Term
| extensional-rifting areas have a lot of what kind of fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of unit of the extensional-rifting system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uniformitarism works best in what time frame |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assuming that the same natural conditions and process that occur now happened in the past |
|
|
Term
| principle of cross-cutting relationships |
|
Definition
| ingenous intrusions or faults came after the rocks they affected |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when there is more displacement at the bottom of a fault than at points above it |
|
Definition
| the fault moved more than once, and between movements, deposition occured |
|
|
Term
| if a rock has inclusions of another rock, which of the two elements is younger |
|
Definition
| inclusion itself is older than the rock around it |
|
|
Term
| three eons from oldest to newest |
|
Definition
1. archean
2. proterozioc "first life"
3. phanerozioc "visible life" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beginning of pherozioc era |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the three eras located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three eras in order of oldest to newest? |
|
Definition
1. paleozioc "ancient life"
2. mezozoic "middle life"
3. cenozoic |
|
|
Term
| what kind of animal dominated the mezozoic era |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reverse fault that has an angle of less than 30 degrees and occurs over a large area |
|
|
Term
| what kind of aniamls dominated the cenozoic era |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolated underwater volcanic mountain with a flot top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinct sheild volano makes an island sorrounded by coral reefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of chemical markers in strata, certain chemical conditions relate to certain time periods much like magneostratigraphy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting rock layers in order using fossils |
|
|
Term
| stratigrapgy is used for correlation between what |
|
Definition
| stratigarphy is used to find correlation between different areas that had the same enviornment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of absolute dating that uses isotopes |
|
|
Term
| radiometric dating compares what and what |
|
Definition
| radiometric dating compares parent and daughter material. the parent is the radioactive isotope, and the daughter is the isotope it decays into |
|
|
Term
| what is special about K-Ar radiometric dating |
|
Definition
| Ar, the daughter material, is a gas and may escape from the rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the oldest possible rock carbon dating can date |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dating technique that analyzes growth rings in hard tissues of invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dating by counting tree rings |
|
|
Term
| which is more complex, sclerochronology or dendochronology |
|
Definition
| sclerochronology is more complex because invertbrate's growth pattern is more complex than trees' |
|
|
Term
| magneostratigraphy goes back to when |
|
Definition
| magneostratigraphy is usefull back to the cretacous era |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of reversals of the earth's magnetic field isn't regular, but seeing what the magnetic polarity when something was deposited can help date it |
|
|
Term
| 6 chronostatigraphic units from biggest-smallest |
|
Definition
1. eonothem
2. erathem
3. system
4. series
5. stage
6. chronozones |
|
|
Term
| 6 geochronologic units (measure of time) |
|
Definition
1. eon
2. era
3. period
4. epoch
5. age
6. chron |
|
|
Term
| geochronologic units measure what? |
|
Definition
| geochronologic units measure time |
|
|
Term
| chronostratigraphic units are relative or absolute |
|
Definition
| chronostratigraphic units are relative |
|
|
Term
| eonothem correlates to what time unit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| era correlates to what rock unit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| period correlates to what rock unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epoch correlates to what rock unit? |
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Definition
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Term
| stage correlates to what time unit? |
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Definition
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Term
| chronozone correlates to what time unit? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what era did pangea split? |
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Definition
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Term
| unconformities mean what in terms of the chronology of the rock record |
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Definition
| unconformities mean missing time from the rock record as a result of erosion |
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Term
| extensional or rifting mountain formation is the result of what action |
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Definition
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Term
| why is there often volcanism in range and basin regions |
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Definition
| range and basin systems are a result of crustal thinning, increasing the likelihood of volcanic activity |
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Term
| range in the basin and range system |
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Definition
| range is the mountain in the basin and range system |
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Term
| basin in the basin and range system |
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Definition
| basins are the indents in between ranges |
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Term
| what kind of faults are present in a formation that will become a basin and range system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the plates that go through plate techtonics |
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Term
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Definition
| polar north and south appear to move when looked at from a continent's perspective, this movement is helpful to track a continent's movement and history |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the affect of earth's magnetic field on rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| he proposed pangea, but plate tectonic thoery didn't exist and he had no way to explain the movement |
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Term
| which mountain building process creates the biggest mountains? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of rock layers in relation to time |
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