The last great flood was due to? 

 An excess of rainwater

Happened between June and July, Caused the river to flow more than 500 mi from its main channel, caused 10 billion dollars in damage 

1. Advancement of civilization
2. To grow crops on (soil is rich)
3. Build cities on flood plains

 Surface water travels from higher to lower elevations in which 2 ways? 

More commonly by way of depressions- channels, gullies, ruts, valleys where it forms creeks, rills, streams

If the ground is able to soak up water or if it will have to run off. Intense/long periods of precipitation in combo with:

1. Melting snow
2. Inadequate drainage
3. Water saturated ground
4. High tides 

1. Highways for transport,
2.  fresh water,
   
3. floodplains for crops and building,
   
4. recreation and scenery

Topographically high area that separates 2 water sheds

Local (smaller) and Continental (grander scale)

Laurentian Divide-north-south

Due to mass movement of material down valley walls-top continually widens

Glaciers moved down them 

• Nature of material forming stream bottom
• Stream velocity=faster teh flow, faster the erosion
• Scouring and abrading with sediment -sandpaper
• Composition of water-chemically attacks rocks and dissolves them (Niagara falls)

• White material in tea kettle, coffee pot

• Dissolved elements - Ca, Mg, Si, Bi-Carbonate

• Most abundant where streams occur in warm, moist areas of low relief-soluable bed rock 

Water has high veolicty, no meanders

Mountain streams, large bed load 

• Stream velocity decreases dramatically
• Stream loses most of the sediment it carries
• This occurs in 2 main place: deserts and rivers that empty into the sea

·         How does a hot spring get hot?

·         The process by which this happens is??  What does this have to do with Dr. Jeckel and Mr. Hyde?

-         

-          Fault, cracks, porous rocks

-          Down it goes, absorbs the heat, expands, light and buoyant, rises up

-          Jekyll (cold, clear, anemic), Hyde (hot, buoyant, rich), full of  many different elements, depends on temperature, composition of water and rocks

·         Some of the places where hot springs occur are? These are places of?  Many of these are located around the so-named Pacific -------?

-       

-          All places with recent volcanic activity

·         The heated waters of hot springs may carry a lot of-------.  These can precipitate out of the water in what 3 places.  Depending on where the precipitation occurs it can lead to??

1.       Below ground (mineral deposits)

2.       Above ground (coatings, mud ponds, paint pots)

3.       Atmosphere (pollution-radon, mercury, CO2)

·         The 3 kinds of hot springs are?

2.       Natural saunas-Steam rooms (Alkali Chloride)

3.       Hot springs from hell (acid)

-          Carbon Dioxide precipitates out: Travertine, Tuffa, coats things, overflows to form mounds, terraces

·         What was “the 8^th wonder of the world?”  What happened to it?  What does it have to do with the Maori phantom canoe?

-          Active volcano

-          Whenever the phantom canoe appears, a disaster is about to happen – 1886, rumor the canoe was present – 10 days later, Mount Tarawara blew up

·         Natural saunas are what kind of hot spring?  What are they good for?

-          Wash, cook, relax in – Spas

-          Sodium, potassium, chlorine

-          “Salts” – good for bones, skin, and fatigue – but a lot of them have radon

• Acid
• Skin pencil; attacks rocks-clay

• No liquid water, but like hot springs
• Acid -> Vapor-magmatic

• Mid ocean ridges, subduction zones
• Down in teh dark, 100's-1000's ft beneath sea, no light
• Hot springs, mineral chimney's, mounds and lots of fire

• Mounds of circulating hot water
• Deposits (mineral)
• Copper,zinc, lead and silver
• Significant source of gold
• 3 1/2 bill yrs old
• Massive when applied to ore- ore consists of 60% or greater by weight of sulfide minerals

Temperature

-(150 degrees C)+ 

• Soaking in and movement by which ground water is replaced
• Highest where perosity and permeability are highest

• Surface loss of water- Springs, rivers, lakes, wells, etc
• Recharge- Replace what's lost at discharge

A body of rock that's sufficiently permeable to conduct groundwater and to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells and springs

• Sandstone best aquifer 

Overlain by an impermeable unit. Vertical movement restricted, under pressure. Water rises upwards above the water table - may come all the way to the surface

• Artesian well=Confined water

• Removing more water than is replaced - Pumping
• Many wells- Water table lowered - Land subsides

• Local, mountain sides/valleys
• 3% of Alaska
• 200,000+ worldwide

• Doesn't move all parts at same rate
• Source of Rhone River in Switzerland

• When it has enough weight on it (165-200 ft of snow) loses brittleness
• Plastic Flow (Pancake batter) - Flows out under its own weight
• Flow banding:Soil, rocks in layers, air difference

1. Flows into water: Weight not supported, breaks up into bergs, Ross Ice Shelf 1987
2. Warm air: Ice melts faster than glacier can supply it - Advancing, stagnant or retreating glaciers

Rate of accumulation = Ablation

Front of glacier stays in one place 

• when a glacier erodes away chunks of bedrock to be later deposited as glacial erratics
• Dig out basins (large and small)
• Melt water, freezes, pulls out
• Tooth and string
• Leads to the formation of basins and whale backs

1. Simply melts: Leaves behind mess, like rude people in movie theaters
2. Meltwater: Carries tons of sediment away from glacier

• Sediment from melting glacier deposited in place, no transports
• Stiff, rocky ground, massive, full of rocks
• Not layered, poorly sorted
• Forms the rolling pasture land of MN and New England

• Land forms of till (end, terminal, ground)
• any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions
• may be on the glacier’s surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted

• Melting ice- Water rushes away and carries tons of sediment
• Creates a whole variety of land froms
• Layered or bedded, sorted

Depressions which are now lakes, ponds, and prairie potholes

Shallow, surrounded by till 

• End moraines and edge of retreating glaciers
• Thus the water is trapped between melting ice and some type of topographic high 

• Behind covered bars
• In covered rock holes
• In pot holes below waterfalls
• On the sides of meander loops
• Downstream from the mouth of a tributary
• In the ocean behind bars against the prevailing current

1. Break buildings/bridges
2. Liquify sand, silt and soil
3. Surface ruptures: Hortizonal and vertical displacement of ground a long faultzone
4. Ground failure: Earth fissures, mudslides

 Condition of the atmosphere, including: Temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, wind – At a given place and time

A composite of weather averaged over many years, there is then Regional and Global Climates

Sum of all regional climates through out the earth, a dramatic change in a regional climate can effect the global climate

 Ice ages, mini ice ages, deserts, tree species, deep time-fossils, rocks, carbon dating

It contains Carbon Dionzide and Methane 

They absorb heat rays (infrared heat) heat is emitted by earth materials – rocks, soils, trees, houses, etc.

Human aided

1. Volcanoes
2. plate tectonics
3. earth’s orbit
4. objects from space

1.  Burning fossil fuels 
2. agriculture
3. sprays
4. deforestation

The major CO₂ culprits are?

• Power plants (33%)
• Factories/home heating systems (33%)
• Cars and trucks (22%)
• Major transportation  (12%)

What is happening in Greenland? On Mount Hood?

 The greatest eruption in the last 10,000 years; Indonesia; Strata volcano-Caldera; Year without summer

1.1 billion years ago the edge of the North American continent was in?

 Intrusive rocks: Magmas trapped in the crust

1. Fond Du Lac
2. Thunderbay
3. Grand Portage/Pigeon River (most favored, means “great carrying place”)

The kind of rock Split Rock Lighthouse is built on is? This is also called? The rock is unusual because?

·         North America was what in late Pre-Cambrian (1,100,000,000 years ago)