Term
| What are some reasons that hazards pose a greater risk today than historically? |
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Definition
| More people, more wealth, population density, people living on a degreaded resource base |
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Term
| What is a natural hazard? |
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Definition
| Extreme geophysical and biological events. Floods, volcanic eruptions,hurricanes, etc |
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Term
| What are the categories of the hierarchy of hazards? |
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Definition
Life
Property
Environmet (plants, animals) |
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Term
| What is vulnerability to hazards? |
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Definition
| High-risk with the inability to cope. |
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Term
| Are LDCs or MDCs more resilient in a disaster? |
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Definition
| LDCs. Indigenous socities particulary know how to handle the disaster and to recover from it. |
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Term
| Are LDCs or MDCs more reliable in a disaster? |
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Definition
| MDCs. They have mechanisms in place, such as levees, to minimize damage in a disaster. |
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Term
| Who is more vulnerable to hazards in urban areas? |
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Definition
| Those living in the slums, on slopes or around industrial sites. |
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Term
| Who is more vulnerable to hazards in rural areas? |
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Definition
| Those who live in areas of increasing environmental degradation are prone suffer from floods, drought, and famines. |
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Term
| How is disaster frequency related to magnitude? |
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Definition
| The worst kinds of disasters occur far less frequently that lessor disasters. |
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Term
| How can consequences of hazards be minimized? |
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Definition
| Use available technology to warn of impending disaster where possible; implement disaster preparation activities and educate the public about potential threats and how to act during a disaster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chosing to do something that could harm you: sky diving, smoking, ariplane |
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Term
| What is involuntary risk? |
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Definition
| Earthquakes, floods, tsunmai, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Yes. Be aware of the regional climate, earthquake threat, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of risk that a society is willing to subject itself to. |
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Term
| How can society adjust to hazards? |
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Definition
| Land use planning, insurance plan, evacuation planning |
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Term
| What are some examples of linkages between natural events and hazards? |
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Definition
| Hurricanes can create lahar from ash. Earthquake can cause lanslides. |
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Term
| What is a technological hazard? |
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Definition
Major accidents. Ship wrecks, structural colapses, industrial explosions, oil spills.
Sometimes natural leads to technological - snow storm causes car accident. |
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Term
| What is a context hazard? |
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Definition
Global environment change.
Climate change, deforestation, sea-level rise, land pressure, impact of near-earth object,overgrazing. |
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Term
| Paradigm of disaster: Anciently |
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Definition
| Acts of God, rather than use of earth by humans. Early people adapted by avoiding dangerous places. |
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Term
| Paradigm of disaster: Pre-1950 |
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Definition
| Engineering Paradigm. Build dams and stronger buildings to withstand nature |
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Term
| Paradigm of disaster: 1950-1970 |
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Definition
| Behavioral Paradigm. MDC's look at how human behavior increases or minimizes risk. Work on predicting natural events and construct defensive control works. |
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Term
| Paradigm of disaster: 1970-1990 |
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Definition
| Development Paradigm. Better land development |
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Term
| Why do people in less developed countries suffer severely in natural disasters? |
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Definition
Poverty - poorly constructed builds, poor sanitation
Poor land use - poor farming, erosion, overuse, hillside construction, inadequate zoning laws
Effective responses limited by lack of resources |
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Term
| Paradigm of disaster: 1990 - onward |
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Definition
| Complexity Paradigm. Hazards are linked to disasters by unsustainable human practices. Use best practices from earlier perspectives such as engineering and humanitarian aid. |
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Term
| What is the earth's crust? |
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Definition
| The outer rock layer of the Earth. the boundary between the mantle and crust is the Moho. |
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Term
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Definition
| The boundary between earth's crust and the mantle. It keeps the lighter rocks above the more dense rocks. |
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Term
| Who came up with the idea of continental drift? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who discovered to key to plate tectonics? |
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Definition
| Harry Hess. He mapped the ocean floor, discovered oceanic ridges and seafloor spreading. |
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Term
| What is seafloor spreading? |
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Definition
| The process that causes the seafloor to spread at plate boundaries as molten rock pushes its way to the surface. |
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Term
| What are three types of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
Divergent
Convergent
Transform |
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Term
| Describe a divergent plate boundary. |
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Definition
| When the plates pull apart. |
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Term
| Describe a convergent plate boundary. |
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Definition
| When the plates push together. |
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Term
| Describe a transform plate boundary. |
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Definition
| When the plates slide past each other. |
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Term
| Evidences of continental drift |
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Definition
-The continents match up like a puzzle
-Similar species of plant and animal were found on other continents |
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Term
| Evidences of plate tectonics |
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Definition
-Ocean trenches near island chains or continental coastlines
-Extensive mountain ranges
-Earthquake concentration zones
-Earthquake epicenter disribution along specific lines |
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Term
| Some things that affect earthquake consequences |
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Definition
-Magnitude
-Depth below surface
-Distance from populated area
-Characteristics of rock or earth material
-Construction |
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Term
| Where do earthquakes occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How common are strong earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How common are major earthquakes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mercalli earthquake scale are determined by... |
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Definition
| the intensity percieved by people near the quake and the damage to buildings |
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Term
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Definition
1 - 12.
1 not felt
12 damage to all |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by compression. Travels thru solids and liquids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slower than P-waves. Travels like waves in a rope held by two people. Only travels thru solids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fire, liquefaction, mass movement, tsunami |
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Term
| Ways to reduce earthquake hazards |
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Definition
-Estimate historical seismic records
-Structural protection
-Increased insurance and relief measures
-Locate critical facilities away from danger zones
-Educate people about saftey procedures
-Create awareness |
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Term
| Why are earthquake damages often worse in less developed countries? |
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Definition
| There is no real enforcement of the building code. |
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Term
| Benefits of fault lines and earthquakes? |
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Definition
-valuable mineral deposits often develop along faults
-underground water and oil become available at fault lines
-Scenic landforms |
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Term
| How do earthquakes and landslides cause tsunamis? |
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Definition
| By displacing lots of water in an area and generating energy as the water rushes back into place. |
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Term
| How to mitigate the effect of a tsunami? |
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Definition
Use of detection equipment to warn people.
Study runup maps
Create tree line near ocean border, which creates a wall to slow down runup.
Build homes near water on stilts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by collapse of part of the Mauna Loa createsd such strong waves that coral and limestone from the sea were thrown 1,600 feet above sea level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Through decompression and the addition of voltiles and heat |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of a shield volcano. |
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Definition
-Wider than they are high.
-Created by hot spots
-Slow lava flow, low viscosity
-Hawaiian islands |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of a composite volcano. |
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Definition
-tall, narrow at the top
-Highly viscous magma
-Very explosive eruptions
-Mt. Ranier |
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Term
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Definition
-high amounts of silica make it hot and runny
-low amounts of silica make it not as hot, and slow moving |
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Term
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Definition
Exposive eruptions from a vent where magma interacts with groundwater or the sea.
Volcani gasses eject small ash particles, where it piles downwind.
Diamond Head |
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Term
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Definition
Less than 1000 feet tall
Heavy volcanic material
unconsolidated rock particles
pumice and tephra
Easily erodes |
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Term
| How are volcanoes useful? |
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Definition
-creates fertile soils
-internal heat can be an energy source
-brings new mineral to the surface
-health spas/hot springs
-creates new land |
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Term
| How to minimize volcano risk |
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Definition
-evacuate
-build strong building to hold weight of ashfall
-build bridges to handle the mudflows |
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Term
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Definition
| A gigantic depression formed during the explosive ejection of magma and subsequent collapse of the upper cone. |
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Term
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Definition
A vent thru which lava flows without and explosion. Flat with no caldera.
Snake River Plain in Idaho |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of steam from underground boiling groundwater. |
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Term
| What are some volcano hazards? |
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Definition
Lava flow
Ash fall
Pyroclastic Activity
Poisonous gas
Mud flow & Mass movement |
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Term
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Definition
| A man from AZ went to study Mt. Galares in Columbia. Was injured by the pyroclastic activity. Earth's ocean cover 80% of volcanic activity. Mt. Tambora exploded in 1815. |
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Term
| Where do volcanoes mostly occur? |
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Definition
Continental Subduction zones
Oceanis subduction zones
Rifts in the earth surface (oceanic ridges)
Hot spots. |
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Term
|
Definition
Acts of God
Engineering
Behavioral
Complexity |
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Term
| The geologic cycle includes these cycles |
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Definition
tectonic cycle
rock cycle
hydrologic cycle
biogeochemicalcycle |
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