1) Space - absolute, relative and cognitive

2) Location - nominal or absolute

3) Place - objective or subjective location (most used)

4) Site - specific place with unique attributes

5) Situation - a specific place with a larger context (attached to something)

1) Distance - absolute, relative and cognitive

2) Direction - 5 types

3) Area - Objective and subjective

1) Cardinal (NWSE)

2) Cultural (my front yard)

3) Cognitive (in your head, what you think is a direction)

4) Relative (in relation to)

5) Social (rich and poor sides)

1) Scale

2) Projection - spherical earth flattened

3) Symbolization - railroad, streets, water, etc.

large area and details covered.

Large scale means small area and details

1) Distance - equidistant

2) Area - equal area

3) Shape - conformal

4) Direction/angle - conformal

1) Intimate - Kissing

2) Personal - Acquaintance

3) Social - Space b/w ppl on subway

4) Public - Lecture, presentation

1) Nature

2) Technology

3) Culture

Perception is what you see, your mental impression which is influenced by your experiences.

Perspective is a way of looking at something and is a way others may see us as.

1) Geographical - The world as a whole.

2) Operational - What influences you, the ocean, rocks, etc

3) Perceptual - What you are aware of, interests, money, etc. Out feelings and awareness.

4) Behavioural - Interacting with what you literally see.

1) Microspace - Comfort zone, your space only.

2) Mesospace - Home base, work.

3) Macrospace - Home range, stores around the area, walking distances.

1) Fixed features - Walls, buildings.

2) Semi-fixed features - Furniture.

3) Informal features - Space b/w people's bodies.

Sociopetality - Centripetal forces that encourage stable relationships between others.

Sociofugality - Centrifugal forces that discourage relationships between others.

Maximiser - Best solution in a perfect setting, never seen in real life. "Economic Persons"

Optimiser - Makes the best of what he has to work with, produced the most optimal outcome.

Satisficer - Select what satisfies you, sub-optimal decision.

Geography is the description of the earth.

1) Human Geography - social sciences, ppl and place

2) Physical Geography - environment, processes and natural science elements

1) A city that was clearly imaged was aesthetically pleasing

2) Well imaged cities are easy to comprehend and navigate

3) A well imaged city made it is easier for politicians and planners to promote the city as a good place

Topophilia is the emotions and significance that has attached a person to a particular place

Topophobia is the fear of certain places, related to landscapes of fear

Adaptive environments asks how proxemics affect the activities of people in an environment.

Integrated Environment asks how proxemics affect social interaction and whether it helps or not

1) Real attributes - generated by a precedent (I live in a good town and believe it is wholesome and good)

2) Perceived attributes - based on your belief of whether a place is good (that place was fun, it seems good)

3) Contrived attributes - your beliefs are manipulated by some marketing or actual creation of the place

P-plane is what we perceive

C-fields are the constructs, what we make out of our p-planes

1) Designative - how to get somewhere

2) Aappraisive images - your judgements of a place

3) Prescriptive images - preferences

1) Evaluative - questionairre

2) Affective - surveying ppl

1) Egocentric - you are centre

2) Topological - located in reference to another thing

3) Projective - based on relationship (far/close)

4) Euclidean metric - x, y grid

1) Egocentric - based on you

2) Diff. partially coordinated - organised around specifics

3) Operationally coordinated and integrated - abstract and euclidean

What are W. D. Pattison's traditions in Geography? (4)

What are the most important traditions?

1) Spatial - analysis of general patterns in locations, space, etc.

2) Area studies - study of a region characteristics and attributes

3) Human-land - How humans change and are changed by their environments

4) Earth-studies - Study of -spheres (Atmosphere, etc.)

The most important are 1) - 3)

QoL is the state of social wellbeing of person or groups as they perceive it.

It is used to examine the four traditions

1) Resources - availability (food, love)

2) Oppourtunities (education)

3) Environments (work, living area)

4) Attitude towards the 1)-3) elements

1) Socio-economic (change in income)

2) Ethnic (racism)

3) Lifestyle (have kids, job)

4) Political power (voting right)

5) Environment (pollution)

1) Equal weight?

2) Which functions are used? (add, subtract)

3) What variables used?

4) What is defined as constraint, contributor?

5) Are attributes consistent globally?

6) Are attributes consistent across time?

7) Do people value them the same?

What are the QoL indicators sections? (2)

What are some examples of their sub-sections?

1) Socio-economic

-status

-crime rate

-health indicators

2) Built and physical environment

-quality/quantity of housing

-transportation

-available/access to facilities

1) Identify gaps and needs in a nation

2) Provide solutions

3) Provide data to monitor progress

1) Not always good for everyone

2) May ruin it for others

Ask what variables to use and if they are the right ones to be using.

1) Charles Booth Povery Maps - rich to poor in London

2) Human Development Index - social equity/equality

3) David Hulchanski's 3 cities model - cities (poor to rich)

4) Wellbeing Toronto indicies - measures wellbeing

5) Gross National Happiness - Bhutan made it

(happiness > money)

Who made the Human Development Index (HDI)?

What program was created for the Index?

What are the indicators (4) and dimensions (3)?

The United Nations made the HDI. There is also a Millennium Development Goals program aimed at developing people.

1) Life expectancy at birth

2) Average years of schooling

3) Expected years of schooling

4) Gross national income

1) Health

2) Education

3) Living standards

What are the cities in David Hulchanski's model? (3)

How has this affected Toronto?

1) Poor people city

2) Medium class city

3) Rich people city

Over the years the medium class city has decreased in size, the poor people city has increased in size.

The rich people city has increased slightly.

1) Ecological fallacy - inferring something from aggregate data while that may not be true for everyone

2) Government interventions - may change spatial dynamics and creativity

(poor ppl located outside - more commute time, rich people in centre)

1) Compare cities

2) Identify problems

3) Fix and monitor the problems

1) Infant mortality - lesser developed countries

2) Crime rate

Space used by an individual that satisify needs of...

1) Sustenance

2) Security

3) Socialisation

4) Identity

Ways to get a territory and keep it (2)

and types of defense for a territory (2)

1) Make boundaries (fences, walls)

2) Defense of boundaries (gang violence, grafitti)

1) Personalization (grafitti)

2) Overt behaviour (soldier stance, weapons)

De jure - State recognized in law

De facto - State created by control of a territory or population, has no rule of law

1) Centrifugal - Tear a state apart, it is unstable

ex// Referendum of Quebec

2) Centripetal - Bind a state together, it is stable

ex// America has apple pie

Homogenous group governed by themselves (doesn't occur often)

ex// Inuit, Quebec

1) Alter the space to fit the people

ex// Annexation, division

2) Alter people to fit the space

ex// Ethnic cleansing, emigration

1) Physical settlment and extraction of land

2) Ideology of one nation dominating the other

Formor colonies achieving independance, remove any knowledge, culture and beliefs.

Hard to adjust after it is done, may want to feel the same.

1) Antecedent - pre-planned landscaped, no real landscape

2) Subsequent - Already existing, has a basic landscape

Meso-scale urban form, has a built environment with people and is hard to identify.

It is also possible to change a neighborhood into a differen type.

1) Ethnic - ex// Chinatown

2) Lifestyle - ex// Yuppies

3) Built-form - ex// Suburbs

4) Historical - ex// The annex, Weston

1) Arbitrary - Territory

2) Physical - Territory + residents

3) Homogenous - Territory + similar demographics

4) Functional - Territory + lots of interaction

5) Community - Functional territory w/ lots of relationships

1) Local Identity - ppl feel they belong and the neighborhood existence is acknowledged

2) Local Interaction - degree of interaction in the neighborhood

3) Local Linkages - degree to which neighborhood is linked to the larger community

Complicated process by which housing becomes available to different groups of people through life cycles changing

1) Upward Filtering - lower value housing -> higher value

2) Downward Filtering - high value housing -> lower value

1) Life cycle

2) Age of housing materials

3) Type of house

4) Wealth

5) Size/stage of the city (age)

Made by Marshall McLuhan

Info, ideas and attitudes travelling at the speed of light through mass media

How did the world change after World War 2?

What did it encourage and create? (7)

Technology and Transportation improved, there was a lot more global movement.

It created more...

1) Borders

2) Laws

3) Corruption

4) Conflict and terrorism

5) Diseases

6) Disenfranchised groups

7) Blocs

1) New trade agreements and less barriers

2) National sovereignty removed, free flowing capital

3) Multi-national corporations

1) Nations integrate into world market, less communism

2) Neo-liberal politics

3) More connections, ex// Berlin wall falls

1) Barriers broken

2) Multi-national corporations ex// offer same stuff everywhere, mass production and mass marketing

1) International division of labour

2) Internationzalized finance

3) New technology systems

4) Homogenization of markets - taste the same

1) Against trade agreements

2) Against financial systems that support trade

3) Argue that big companies take advantage of cheap labour and places

Success attributed to...

1) Speed in transmission of info/capital

2) Speed of movement

1) Diagrams - drawn in a graph, time (y) vs space (x)

2) Paths - linked to location and movements

3) Cubes - changes 2D diagram/paths into 3D

4) Prisms - illustrate how much time-space cube is available, must factor in all constraints (ex// bad weather)

1) Goods

2) Materials

3) People

4) Other tangible goods

Transmission of intangible objects.

1) Information

2) Electricity

3) Internet

1) Infrastructure

2) Occur at different scales

3) Occur in different ways through different mediums

1) Allows integration through a city - ex// paths being built to connect a city

2) Differentiation/Specialization - ex// finance, real estate in downtown vs houses outside the area

3) Organization - ex// Divide between different districts

4) Change agent - innovation ex// Containerization

Explains how things moved and why.

1) Complementary - generates interactions, a well constructed relationship

2) No intervening oppourtunity - limit interactions to specific groups - ex// I'm poor, gonna go to Dollarama

3) Transferability - constrain interaction based on movement across distances - ex// canned food doesn't go bad, easier to transfer

1) Flat surface

2) Evenly distributed population

3) Evenly distributed resources

4) Similar purchasing power

5) Transportation costs equal in all directions

6) No excess profits

Metropolis vs Village, different levels of structure

Usually they interact by having lower level constructions located in b/w high level constructions

A location in relation to market resources and locations

1) Access to inputs

2) Availability of labour with skills

3) Processing costs

4) Pull of the market for the product (strong marketability)

5) Influence of cultural factors

6) Influence of behavioral factors

Newton's Formula Significance and Remark About Variable e

What are some alternative ppl who came up with twists on his formula? (4)

The formula says that as Mass increases OR as Distance decreases, interaction will increase.

e depends on speed, meaning the accessibility - more roads, more transportation methods = higher value

Reilly model, Breakpoint model, Thiessen polygon model and Huff model

Developed by Walter Christaller, seeks to explain relative size and spacing b/w cities

1) Featureless plain

2) One market

3) Travel based on distance

1) Range - max distance someone will travel

2) Threshold - minimum market size represented

Based on weight.

If a product weighs more it'll be near the market area.

If it weighs less it'll be near the input or resource area

1) Flows in physical networks - railroads, air, roads

2) Consequences and inefficiencies - pollution, more traffic

1) Size and composition of populations

2) Processes that change composition of population

3) Linking population to environments

1) Who lives where

2) Characteristics of people and places

3) How they relate to society

Made by Warren Thompson

It describes the changing level of birth and death (rich countries = less birth and death)

On a graph it behaves as the death falls first, population is creates then the birth rate falls after a while.

1) High stable

2) Early expansion

3) Late expansion

4) Low stable

1) No protection

2) No health care

1) Need status - big family

2) Need kids for farm - work

It examines the chages in the attributes of towns and cities

Urban form is the struction and organizations of cities

(standardized vs organic)

Growing basic functions in order to create economic growth

Scaling off of factory work and more into office work

CU - loss of ppl from cities to small areas

RU - retired ppl going back to urban areas

Both result from deindustrialization and agglomeration diseconomies

Trying to understand why the city is the way it is.

Based on economic rent, meaning the amount paid for land use.

1) Commercial districts

2) Commercial business districts

3) Industrial districts

4) Transitional zone - b/w commercial and residential

5) Residential neighborhoods

1) Size of footprint (how big it is)

2) Ability to pay rent

1) Concentric model - made by Burgess

This model uses a circle and the expensive housing is on the outside while the business district is in the middle

2) Sector model - made by Homer Hoyt

This model uses wedges and is similar to the other one in a sense that the business district in in the middle, the rest are somewhat scattered

3) Multiple Nuclei model - made by Harris and Ullman

Involves different spaces that are occupied in different areas, has more then one centre

1) Homebody

2) Walker

3) Driver

4) Flyer

1) Size

2) Cognitive (knowledge)

3) Capability (accessible)

4) Coupling constraint (arrow of time)

5) Control

1) Value

2) Inertia - the ease level

3) Visibility

4) Access

Search methods for serial killers (4)

and attack methods (3)

1) Hunter

2) Poacher

3) Troller

4) Trappers

1) Raptors

2) Stalkers

3) Ambushers