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Definition
| Earth's landscapes were shaped primarily by catastrophes |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have operated throughout the geological past |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere |
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Definition
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Definition
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Transition Zone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
~35-70 km thick
Granite
Felsic |
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Term
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Definition
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic |
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Term
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Definition
1. magma/lava
2.cooling
3. extrusive igneous rocks
4. weathering
5. sediment
6. lithification
7. sedimentary rock
8. metamorphism
9. metamorphic rock
10. melting
11. magma/ lava |
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Definition
| most prominent features of a continent |
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Definition
| Stable interior of continent |
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Definition
| expansive, flat regions of deformed crystalline rocks in craton |
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| are the portion of the sea floor adjacent to major landmasses |
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| a gently sloping region of continental crust extending towards the shore |
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| a relatively steep dropoff that extends from the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor |
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Definition
| consists of a thick wedge of sediment that moved downward from the CS and slope to accumulate on sea floor |
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Definition
| a flat feature of the deep ocean basin |
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Definition
| deep and relatively narrow depressions that make up only a small portion of the ocean floor |
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| small volcanic structures that dot the ocean floor |
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Definition
| prominent feature composed of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted |
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Definition
Alfred Wegener
Evidence:
continents almost matched
matching fossils
rock types and geological features
ancient climate |
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Term
| lithosphere vs asthenosphere |
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Definition
| Lithosphere is Earth's strong, outer layer and the asthenosphere is a hotter weaker region |
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Term
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Definition
Plates are moving apart
1) mantle rises
2) melt forms under the lithosphere
3) Magma rises and is injected into the crust forming or erupts on seafloor creating new lithosphere
4) plate move apart, cool and thicken over time |
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Term
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Definition
| mantle is not rising equally along the entire ridge. This creates the segments |
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Term
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Definition
-mantle upwelling causes melting and forces continental crust to diverge
-crust towards middle of ridge has thin crust. Creates linear sea
-Eventually linear sea will turn into a full ocean like the Atlantic |
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Definition
| 180 million years old in Japan. |
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Term
| How often does the polarity switch? |
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Definition
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| Made up of both the upper mantle and the crust |
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Term
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Definition
Lithosphere- elastic
Asthenosphere- Plastic |
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Term
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Definition
Continental
35-40 km thick
lighter (less dense)
more buoyant |
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Term
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Definition
7-10km
Oceanic
Heavier
Less buoyant |
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Definition
| Measuring the magnetism of ancient rocks to see where magnetic north was at the time of formation. The wandering path is the path of the pole over the years |
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Definition
| Oceanic is cold and dense so it will submerge under the continental plate when they converge. Once the plate is deep enough it will melt and the magma will rise and create a volcanic arc. |
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Definition
| Older crust will submerge under the younger crust and will eventually melt, magma will rise up and and create an in ocean volcanic arc. |
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Definition
Only example rn:India and Eurasia
Two crust equally dense so when they converge they are both forced up and create a mountain belt. |
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Definition
| Odd ball spots in mantle that create magma rising, they then create landmass in the middle of plates. Usually create a dotted chain of small islands bc of the plate constantly moving. |
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Definition
| mantle boundary, but when heated acts like a lava lamp, bc the density contrast is driven by temp |
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Definition
4600 minerals are known
50-100 new minerals discovered annually |
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Term
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Definition
Naturally occurring
inorganic
solid
ordered internal molecular structure
definite chemical composition |
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Definition
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Term
| Most abundant mineral of Earth |
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Definition
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Definition
| minerals created by living organisms |
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Definition
| some elements can join in more than one geometric arrangement. Chemical composition stays the same, physical properties differ |
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Definition
In order of abundance:
1. Oxygen
2. silicon
3. aluminum
4. iron
5. calcium
6. sodium
7. potassium
8. magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
most common mineral group
tetrahedral usually |
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Definition
| metals with iron and/ or magnesium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
parent material is magma
Intrusive- aphanitic (pluton)
Extrusive- phaneritic |
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Term
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Definition
change in depth and temperature
Rate decreases at a certain depth due to pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Where rocks melt. typically in the lower crust or upper mantle.
Melting begins if confining pressure decreases or if volatiles are introduced |
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Term
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Definition
1) liquid portion
2) solids
3) volatiles |
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Term
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Definition
Discontinuous:
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
Continuous: plagioclase
Bottom:
muscovite mica
quartz
potassium feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of one or more secondary magmas from a parent magma |
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Term
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Definition
| Temperature of the magma discerns what rock will be formed |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing magma's composition by the incorporation of foreign matter into a magma |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete melting of rocks is known as partial melting |
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Definition
| Melting the crust to magma forms 2' magma |
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Definition
higher in silica and more viscous
Form at lower temps |
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Definition
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| 3 Factors affecting crystal size |
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Definition
1) rate of cooling
2) amount of silica
3) Amount of volitiles |
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Definition
ex) glassy vs porphyritic
various textures result from different cooling histories.
Two rocks may have similar compositions but different textures, thus different names |
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Definition
| feeds the volcano plus dykes and sills |
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Definition
| vertical igneous intrusion |
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Definition
| horizontal igneous intrusion parallel and between strata |
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Definition
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| unmelted pieces of host rock in the pluton after it has been exhumed by erosion |
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Definition
| eruptions are characterized by outpouring of lava that can last weeks, months, even years |
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Definition
| explosions expel particles of fragmented lava and gases at supersonic speeds that evolve into eruption columns |
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Term
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Definition
Basaltic lava: 90%
Andesitic lava: 10%
Rhyolitic lava: 1% |
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Definition
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| upper surface consists of massive, detached blocks |
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Definition
| flow is composed of tubelike structure stacks on top of the other |
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Definition
| <2mm fine glassy fragments/ash carried by the wind |
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Definition
| golf ball sized lava chunks expelled from volcano, cool in air |
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| faster than the speed of sound |
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| Fiery pyroclastic flow made of hot gases infused with ash and other debris that races down the side of a mountain at 100+km/h |
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| a fissure that magma moves through to reach the surface |
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Definition
| steep walled depression at the summit |
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Definition
| a cone of material created by successive eruptions of lava and pyroclastic flow |
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Definition
| a more or less circular depression produced by collapse |
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| produced from a flank eruption |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
very large base but is not high
Ex mauna loa |
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| Composite/ strato volcano |
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Definition
| large symmetrical volcano |
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Definition
| built from ejected lava, very circular and black |
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Definition
| lava extruded form crystal fractures called fssures |
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Term
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Definition
| physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at or near Earth's surface with no transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
mechanical: physical forces breaking rocks into smaller pieces
chemical: chemical transformation of rock into new compounds |
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Term
| Types of mechanical weathering |
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Definition
frost wedging
salt crystal growth
sheeting/unloading
biological activity |
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Term
| Types of chemical weathering |
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Definition
oxidation
dissolution
hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| weathering attacks edges from 2 sides and corners from 3 sides. Sharp edges gradually wear down and become rounded |
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| Influences on rate of weathering |
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Definition
materials
climate (warm and wet= most weathering)
variations of both |
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Definition
| a combination of mineral and organic matter, water and air is the portion of the regolith that supports the growth of plants |
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Definition
time
climate
topography
climate *
plants and animals |
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Definition
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| organic matter and minerals |
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Definition
| light coloured layer- eluviation is common |
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Definition
| minerals that were washed down |
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Definition
| partially altered parent material |
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Definition
accumulation of plant remains
formation of peat
formation of lignite and bituminous coal
formation of anthracite coal |
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Definition
| putting enough pressure on coal to make a diamond |
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Definition
| unconsolidated sediments are transformed into sedimentary rock |
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Definition
| involves the crystallization of minerals among the individual sediment grains |
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| Types of sedimentary environments |
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Definition
continental- stream, wind, glacial
marine- oceans
transition- beaches |
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Definition
| different sediments often accumulate in adjacent environments |
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Term
| Types of sedimentary structures |
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Definition
strata
beds
crossbeds
graded beds
ripple marks
mudcracks
fossils |
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