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| is a planned offshore field of wind turbines planned for the Massachusetts coast |
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| The Bakken black shale production area in North Dakota |
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| primarily for oil. Natural gas is also present, but there are currently no pipelines to send gas to market…thus, it is cheaper to simply burn-off the gas |
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| controversial bill to give the Dept. of Homeland Security |
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| The measure as currently written waives the National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA], the endangered Species Act, the National park Service Organic Act, the Federal Water Pollution control Act, the National Historic Preservation Act, and the Clean Air Act! |
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| Inside the tower is a tank of molten salt. Eat from the molten salt will be used to boil water for steam and the steam will be used to make electricity |
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| AZ. Location: some 45 miles west of Phoenix |
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| Traditional solar panels but, a system will be used to convert the electricity into alternating current [AC], the kind that is transmitted on the power grid. |
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| Trident Seafoods of Seattle |
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| has been fined $2.5 million in civil penalties and must spend more than $30 million to settle Clean Water Act violations |
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| Expansion of the panama canal and US ports along the East Coast |
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| As a result, larger vessels with greater “draft” [known as “post-Panamax” ships will be calling at ports along the East Coast of the US. ONLY the port of Norfolk, VA currently has a channel deep enough to accommodate the larger vessels. |
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| Mexico announced it will ban shark and stingray fishing beginning next year; several island nations in the Pacific, though small, have created shark sanctuaries; there is hope both Honduras and Columbia will also create sanctuaries. |
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ground water and crude oil.
Tucson-Phoenix, AZ; Houston, TX - groundwater
Long Beach, CA - petroleum pumping |
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| 2. There are two locks and dams [or the term “canal” is applied] which connect lakes in the Great Lakes system: Soo, Welland. Another connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River [the Erie Canal] and the last system completed allowed for ocean-going ships from Europe to enter the Great Lakes [the St. Lawrence Seaway]. Why were the Soo and Welland structures needed? a.) to shorten travel routes b.) to allow for fish to enter all of the lakes in the system c.) to bypass rapids and waterfalls which blocked navigation d.) to provide for hydroelectric power plants |
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| c.) to bypass rapids and waterfalls which blocked navigation |
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| 3.) Subsidence in the United States alters areas across the country such that the total area affected is equal to the combined area of Vermont and New Hampshire! What is the greatest single cause of subsidence? a.) underground mining b.) solution of limestone and rock salt c.) compaction of soil due to agricultural practices d.) the withdrawal of ground water |
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| the withdrawal of ground water |
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| 4.)Only one of the Great Lakes is totally within the United States. Identify that lake: a.) Superior b.) Huron c.) Michigan d.) Erie e.) Ontario |
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| 5.) Sediments in the harbors of industrial cities on the Great Lakes often contain heavy metals. The dilemma is, what to do with those contaminated sediments! What is the most likely answer? a.) dredge all the harbors and place the sediments on land b.) put a thick cement cap on the sediments in the harbors c.) pump the sediments to a deeper part of the lake d.) do nothing. Do not disturb the sediments at all ! |
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| d.) do nothing. Do not disturb the sediments at all ! |
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| 6.) Identify the type of clay minerals which have high shrink-swell potential: a.) some 2:1 b.) all 2:1:1 clay minerals c.) 1:1 d.) all clay minerals |
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| 7.) What are weep holes used for? a.) obtaining ground water from springs b.) draining water from behind retaining walls c.) replenishing ground water with surface water d.) opening an aquifer to create a spring |
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| b.) draining water from behind retaining walls |
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| 8.) What is the soil-forming factor which is likely to change at any location on earth if there is significant climate change? a.) parent material b.) relief c.) time d.) organic influence |
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| 9.) Which of the following minerals is most abundant in limestone and it is so vulnerable to dissolution that caves form in limestone? a.) calcite b.) quartz c.) goethite d.) hematite |
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10.) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in a deep mine is green in color because of the ionic form of iron in that water. What is the charge on the iron in the reduced state as ions in the AMD?
a.) 0 b.) -1 c.) +2 d.) +3 |
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| 11.) Where in West Virginia can water in old coal mines be used for a municipal water resource? a.) where ever the mines exist b.) only in the southern coal mines c.) only in and around Morgantown because of high sulfur in the coals d.)only where the Pittsburgh coal was removed [a factor of sulfur content in the coal] |
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| b.) only in the southern coal mines |
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12.) Which of the following is an aquaclude in West Virginia? a.) sand and gravel b.) coal
c.) limestone d.) sandstone e.) shale |
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13.) Ground water which dissolves limestone to form caves eventually collects in the caves. What would you expect the pH of this cave water to be? a.) strong base b.) strong acid
c.) very strong acid d.) neutral or slightly basic |
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| d.) neutral or slightly basic |
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| 14.) A soil profile is opened beneath a pine forest on a mountain top in Appalachia. There is a grey-color horizon clearly present. Why is this horizon so colored? a.) iron has been leached out b.) iron has been oxidized and FeOOH is deposited on grains of silt and clay c.) this is the horizon in which organic materials have accumulated d.) it is a horizon with substantial calcium carbonate deposits |
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| a.) iron has been leached out |
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| 15.) The excessive use of ground water resources from a single well could result in subsidence because the roof of the water-filled cave had been supported by the water. What did the excessive pumping of the ground water due to the water table such that the potential for subsidence was created? a.) the water table will not change because ground water will recharge the system b.) the water table stays roughly parallel to the surface and will in fact rise a bit as the water is used because weight is removed from the lower ground water which has been under burial pressure c.) a drawdown will occur forming a cone of depression of the water table. The cone of depression lowers the water level in the cave allowing for the cave roof to collapse d.) the ground water will become contaminated from the equipment around the well head [oils, grease, gasoline] |
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| c.) a drawdown will occur forming a cone of depression of the water table. The cone of depression lowers the water level in the cave allowing for the cave roof to collapse |
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| 16.) What political entities were responsible for the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the 1950’s? a.) New York state and the Province of Ontario b.) Canada and the United States c.) New York with federal financial assistance d.) The Province of Ontario with assistance from the Canadian government |
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| b.) Canada and the United States |
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| 17.) Identify the feature which had to be built to allow for international shipping [major cargo ships to bypass Niagara Falls a.) Soo Locks b.) Erie Canal c.) Welland Canal d.) St. Lawrence Seaway Project |
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| 18.) Which of the following elements exists in two ionic states: one to reflect a reducing environment, the other to reflect an oxidizing environment? a.) Oxygen b.) Aluminum c.)Silicon d.) Iron |
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| 19.) The rich prairie soils discovered by Europeans as they migrated west into the new lands in America are know today by what soil order term? a.) Andisols b.) Vertisols c.) Mollisols d.) Histosols |
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| 20.) Which mass movement event is very fast moving, usually confined to existing stream channels on the mountainsides, and has the potential to “toboggan” up and over hillsides if the stream channel bends left or right because of the tremendous mass and velocity of the materials which are moving? a.) creep b.) debris avalanche c.) slump d.) solifluction |
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