THE SAME (ex: dd or DD)

Always the capital letter --- covers up recessive gene

(ex: D or F)

Always the lower case letter—weaker of the two genes (ex: d or f)

Genotype refers to the combination of letters (ex: Dd or Ff)

produced through cross-breeding  could be a blend of two dominant letters or a dominant an recessive letter

(ex: white flower with red flower (WR) or Dd)

pure, two of the SAME species (ex: white flower with white flower (WW, or ww))

- a tool used for tracing a genetic trait through generations of a family

two dominant alleles, has TWO capital letters (ex: DF, or BW) and creates a blend of the two traits.. blue+red= purple

-the combination of the genes you get from each of your parents for one specific trait… one from mom and one from dad.  Can both be dominant, recessive, or one of each… alleles make up the genotype

the passing of traits from parent to offspring (ex: eye color)

parts of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent to offspring, located ON chromosomes (ex: you have brown eyes because your mom and dad have brown eyes)

-  pollen from the flower (male part) fertilizes that same plants eggs (female part)

contains ONE male or female reproductive structure)

Pollen (male part) from one plant is used to fertilize

1)    when an incorrect base replaces a correct base

anything that can cause a mutation in DNA (examples include chemicals found in cigarette smoke and asbestos)

the chance that an event will occur, there is a 50% (1/2) chance of inheriting a certain genotype.

an X-Ray picture of DNA, and said it had a spiral shape

discovered that genes are located on chromosomes

 studied traits in pea plants and how they were passed from parent to offspring, noticed that recessive traits seemed to disappear, known as the father of genetics

)? Genetic engineering: done on PURPOSE—the manipulation of genes that allows scientist to put genes from one organism into another organism. Mutations: ACCIDENT—not meant to happen—occurs when there is a change that cannot be controlled.

·        Genetically alter plants

·        Repair damaged genes

·        Manufacture proteins

adenine (A) -thymine (T)

guanine (G)- cytosine (C)

Double helix (spiral shape)

It is made up of a sugar/phosphate unit and one base