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| Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (hybrid for that particular trait) |
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| Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (true breeding) |
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| During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Each F1 plant produces two types of gametes—those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness. |
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| a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height |
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| The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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| chemical factors that determine traits |
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| The different forms of a gene |
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| The principle of dominance |
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| some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
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| if they were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves |
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| the scientific study of heredity |
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| Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross. |
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| genes that segregate independently—such as the genes for seed shape and seed color in pea plants—do not influence each other's inheritance |
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| The principle of independent assortment |
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| states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. |
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| key idea about dominant and recessive alleles |
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| Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. |
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| In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes. pink flower |
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| both alleles contribute to the phenotype. funky chicken |
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| more than two possible alleles exist in a population |
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| Traits controlled by two or more genes; having many genes |
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| meaning that each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
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| A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes; "two sets" |
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| gametes contain only a single set of chromosomes, and therefore only a single set of genes |
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| Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
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| Prior to meiosis I, each chromosome is replicated. The cells then begin to divide in a way that looks similar to mitosis. In mitosis, the 4 chromosomes line up individually in the center of the cell. The 2 chromatids that make up each chromosome then separate from each other |
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| each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure called a tetrad. |
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| structure formed when each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome |
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| As homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I, they exchange portions of their chromatids |
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| The two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a second meiotic division. Unlike the first division, neither cell goes through a round of chromosome replication before entering meiosis II. Each of the cell's chromosomes has 2 chromatids. During metaphase II of meiosis, chromosomes line up in the center of each cell. In anaphase II, the paired chromatids separate. |
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| How are the cell divisions at the end of meiosis I and meiosis II different in female animals? |
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| the cell divisions at the end of meiosis I and meiosis II are uneven, so that a single cell, which becomes an egg, receives most of the cytoplasm, as shown in the figure at right. The other three cells produced in the female during meiosis are known as polar bodies and usually do not participate in reproduction. |
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| What is the difference in the products of mitosis and meiosis? |
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| Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells. |
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| True or False: It is the chromosomes, however, that assort independently, not individual genes. |
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| shows the relative locations of each known gene on one chromosome |
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| the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis |
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| The crossing of an organism, with an unkown genotype, to a homozygous recessive organism (tester). A cross between an individual of unknown genotype or a heterozygote (or a multiple heterozygote) to a homozygous recessive individual |
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| Describe work of Gregor Mendel |
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| When each F1 plant flowers and produces gametes, the two alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Therefore, each F1 plant produces two types of gametes—those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness. |
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| How does probability relate to genes? |
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| The way in which alleles segregate is completely random, like a coin flip. The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. |
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| do chromosomes or genes follow Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment? |
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| What are the benefits of sexual reproduction? |
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| Sexual reproduction helps create and maintain genetic diversity in populations. It therefore helps improve species' abilities to evolve when the environment changes. |
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| What are the benefits of asexual reproduction? |
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| Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly. |
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| The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.Polyploid plants are often larger and stronger than diploid plants. Important crop plants have been produced in this way, including bananas and many citrus fruits. |
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| The most common error in meiosis occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate. If nondisjunction occurs, abnormal numbers of chromosomes may find their way into gametes, and a disorder of chromosome numbers may result. |
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| an individual may be born with three copies of a chromosome. |
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| In females, nondisjunction can lead to Turner's syndrome. A female with Turner's syndrome usually inherits only one X chromosome (karyotype 45,X). Women with Turner's syndrome are sterile, which means that they are unable to reproduce. Their sex organs do not develop at puberty. |
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| In males, nondisjunction causes Klinefelter's syndrome (karyotype 47,XXY). The extra X chromosome interferes with meiosis and usually prevents these individuals from reproducing. |
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| Cellulose is a long-chain polymeric polysaccharide carbohydrate, of beta-glucose . It forms the primary structural component of green plants. The primary cell wall of green plants is made primarily of cellulose |
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| Cholesterol is part of a group of compounds called sterols. |
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| is part of a group of compounds called sterols, a saturated fat |
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