Term
| Parents transmit ____ to offspring, not actual ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Offspring inherit two ____ for each ___, one from each ____. |
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Definition
| genes(factors), trait, parent |
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Term
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Definition
diploid (2sets).
Offspring inherit two genes(factors) for each trait, one from each parent. |
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Term
| Give the Alleles characteristic. |
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Definition
| Two alleles for each trait does not have to be identical(homo vs heterozygous). Alleles that offspring inherit for a trait remain discreet, don't blend together (purple and white color does not mix to make pink). Inheritance of allele does not guarantee its expression. |
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Term
| What is the Law of Dominance? |
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Definition
| a dominant gene will be expressed and prevent the expression of the recessive gene. |
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Term
| What are Genotype and Phenotype |
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Definition
| Genotype refers to actual genes possessed by an organism, phenotype is the outward expression of that gene. |
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Term
| What are Mendel's Law of Heredity? |
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Definition
Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.
1)alleles for a trait will segregate into different gametes because homologous chromosomes (with matching alleles) separate during Anaphase I.
2) genes located on different chromosomes will assort independently during meiosis (i.e. FOIL method) |
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Term
| What are the types of Mendelian Ratios? |
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Definition
| Monohybrid / Dihybrid / Test Cross. |
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Term
| What is a Monohybrid Cross Ratio? |
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Definition
TT x tt 100% Tt
Tt x Tt = 3dominant : 1recessive phenotypic ratio in F2 generation |
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Term
| What is the Dihybrid Cross Ratio? |
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Definition
RRYY x rryy F1 is 100% RrYy
F2 = 9:3:3:1 |
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Term
| What is the Test Cross ratio? |
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Definition
Done to determine if your dominant is homo or heterozygous
PP x pp = 100% purple
Pp x pp = 50/50
Pp x Pp = 75 PP, Pp : 25 pp |
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Term
| Types of deviations from Mendelian Ratios. |
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Definition
| Linkage, Epistasis, Polygenic Inheritance, Pleiotropy, Incomplete Dominance, Environmental effects, Multiple Alleles, Sex-linked Inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
Genes inherited together on same chromosome and do NOT independently assort.
Linked genes result in offspring with non-Mendelian ratios, and can be used to map chromosomes.
Purple and Long plants, and Red and Round plants. |
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Term
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Definition
One gene can interfere with the expression of another gene.
Complimentary Epistasis-both gene pairs require a dominant allele for expression of trait.
Ex: AAbb(white) x aaBB(white) = AaBb(purple) --> 25purple: 75white
Supplementary Epistasis: dominant allel in first gene pair leads to expression of trait, and dominant allele in second gene pair alters teh expression of the first.
AAbb(pink) x aaBB (white)= 100% AaBb(purple) and when 2 of those cross, it becomes ??? |
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Term
| What is Polygenic Inheritence? |
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Definition
| When multiple genes act jointly to influence a trait, a continuous spectrum of phenotypes are seen in the offspring (i.e. bell curve distribution) |
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Term
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Definition
an allele having more than one effect.
ex: disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia can both be traced to one single gene defect. Yellow fur is dominant color in mice and also recessive for a lethal development defect. |
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Term
| What is Incomplete Dominance? (blending) |
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Definition
produces offspirng with a phenotype which is intermediate that of parents.
R x W = 100% RW
RW x RW = 1RR, 2RW, 1WW |
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Term
| What is Environmental Effects? |
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Definition
| Degree of expression of a gene may depend on environmental conditions. some alleles are heat sensitive. |
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Term
| What is Multiple Alleles? |
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Definition
gene with more than 2 alleles in a population and may be codominant.
ABO blood groups - a gene coding for an enzyme that adds sugars to lipids on the surface of RBC which function as cell surface antigens.
IB allele adds galactose, IA adds galactosamine, i adds no sugar. |
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Term
| What is Sex linked inheritance? |
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Definition
genes carried on a sex chromosomes. Dosage compensation....
Barr body |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome pairs 1-22 are autosomes, does not carry sex chromosomes. Pair 23 is the sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive X chromosome, results in variegation in heterozygous female. |
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Term
| What are the types of Human Genetic Disorders? |
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Definition
Chromosomal abnormalities,
Gene Mutations,
Chromosome damage or breakage, |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of homologs(or chromatids) to separate during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
inheritance of one extra or one too few chromosomes.
Monosomy and trisomy |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance of only one of a homologous pair, girl, turner's syndrome, pair 23. |
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Term
| What is Trisomy? Give the types too. |
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Definition
inheritance of three of a particular homolog, pair 21, down syndrome.
pair 23 XXX normal with 2 Barr bodies
XXY klinefelter syndrome, higher body fat, minor breast development, ADHD
XYY- tall, body acne, violent
Pair 13 (Patau Syn)
Pair 18 (Edwards Syn)
both results in multiple defects and death within first month after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance of extra sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n, 5n, 5n, 8n) |
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Term
| What is Chromosomal Abnormalities? |
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Definition
| inheritance of the wrong number of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Gene Mutations - a mistake in the genetic code (usually for a protein). Result in wrong protein product. Somatic mutations are not passed to offspring vs. germ mutations which are.
Autosomal recessive and dominant, sex-linked recessive. |
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Term
| What is Chromosomal damage or breakage and the types. |
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Definition
abnormalities in chromosome structure.
Fragile X syndrome, Fragile sites.
Cris-du-chat, Deletion |
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Term
| What is Autosomal recessive |
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Definition
| albinism, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay Sach, PKU, muscular dystrophy. |
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Term
| What is Autosomal dominant |
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Definition
| Huntington's Disease, neurofibromatosis |
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Term
| What is Sex-linked recessive |
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Definition
| on X chromosome, more common in males than in female. Hemophilia |
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Term
| What is Fragile X Syndrome |
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Definition
| Fragile sites, CGG sequence repeated as many as 1000x |
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Term
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Definition
| Deletion of portion of chromosome #5 |
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Term
| What are Diagnostic procedures? |
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Definition
| Pedigree, karyotype, human genome data bank, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Chorionic villus sampling CVS? |
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Definition
| used earlier in pregnancy |
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Term
| What is Genetic counseling |
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Definition
| pedigrees used to determine genotype of parents and probability of inheritance in child. |
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