Term
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Definition
| Division of a nucleus into two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
What is this called:
Division of a nucleus into two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What is asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Production of a new organism by a single parent without the participation of eggs and sperm |
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Term
What is this called:
Production of a new organism by a single parent without the participation of eggs and sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main features of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
Only one parent is needed
Each offspring is genetically identical to the parent and all other offspring |
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Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Fusion of the sex cells of two individuals to form an offspring that inherits genetic information from both parents |
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Term
| What are advantages to asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
Don't need to find a mate
Can produce many offspring quickly
Requires less time and energy |
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Term
| Name all methods of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
Binary Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Vegetative propagation
Spores |
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Term
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Definition
Chromosome remains attached to cell membrane
Parent cell undergoes division to produce two individuals
Parent organism is lost in the process |
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Term
What does this describe:
Chromosome remains attached to cell membrane
Parent cell undergoes division to produce two individuals
Parent organism is lost in the process |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of asexual reproduction is the parent lost? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which type of asexual reproduction does the chromosome remain attached to the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between binary fission and mitosis? |
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Definition
| Essentially the same, but in mitosis the nucleus also divides |
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Term
| Which organisms undergo binary fission? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mitotic division:
Cytoplasm divides but smaller cell (bud) remains attached to larger cell (parent)
Bud eventually separates from parent
Budding begins as bulge growing from parent
Multicellular bud eventually separates |
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Term
What does this describe:
Mitotic division:
Cytoplasm divides but smaller cell (bud) remains attached to larger cell (parent)
Bud eventually separates from parent
Budding begins as bulge growing from parent
Multicellular bud eventually separates |
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Definition
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Term
| In what type of asexual reproduction does the offspring begin growing out of the parent and eventually separates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms undergo budding? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Body of parent breaks into several pieces
Each piece regenerates missing parts to produce a whole organism |
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Term
What is this describing:
Body of parent breaks into several pieces
Each piece regenerates missing parts to produce a whole organism |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms use fragmentation as a reproduction method? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe vegetative propagation |
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Definition
| New plant is formed from a piece of root, stem, or leaves of the parent cell |
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Term
What does this describe:
New plant is formed from a piece of root, stem, or leaves of the parent cell |
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Definition
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Term
| In which form of asexual reproduction does a new organism grow from a piece of the parent? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which type of asexual reproduction does a new organism grow from root or stem of parent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organisms reproduce by vegetative propagation? |
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Definition
| wide variety of plants such as apples, figs, grapes, and pears |
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Term
| Describe reproduction by spores |
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Definition
Spores contain genetic information
May be stored in spore cases called sporangia, until released
If a spore lands where conditions are favourable it will grow into a new organism |
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Term
What does this describe:
contain genetic information
May be stored in spore cases called sporangia, until released
If lands where conditions are favourable it will grow into a new organism |
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction by spores |
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Term
| What organisms reproduce by spores? |
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Definition
Fungi: bread moulds, mushrooms
Ferns |
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Term
| How are chromosomes formed? |
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Definition
DNA wraps around protein to make chromatin
Chromatin folds up to make chromosomes |
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Term
What is this describing:
DNA wraps around protein to make chromatin
Chromatin folds up to make chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Volume of cell grows faster than surface area
At some point, the transport of materials through cell membrane isn’t enough to satisfy requirements of larger volume
Cell becomes inefficient
As the cell grows larger, the nucleus has difficulty controlling activity of the increased volume of cytoplasm and organelles |
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Term
| What is the time a cell spend between divisions called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in interphase? |
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Definition
G1, s, g2 phase
cell grows, dna replicates, and cell prepares for division |
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Term
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Definition
| First gap phase - cell grows and prepares for replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis phase - DNA in cell replicates |
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Term
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Definition
| Second gap phase - cell prepares for division |
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Term
| In what phase does a cell spend most of its life? |
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Definition
| Interphase - where it grows and prepares for division |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
Mitosis - distribution of a full set of chromosomes to each daughter cell
Cytokinesis - cytoplasm and organelles divide |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of cell division where the cytoplasm and organelles divide |
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Term
What is this:
Process of cell division where the cytoplasm and organelles divide |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
| Controls the exchange of materials through the nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Spherical bodies in the nucleus which are rich in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during prophase in mitosis? |
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Definition
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
astral rays form around them
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
fibers of microtbules form around centrioles (mitotic spindle)
spindle fibers attach chromatids at centromere
chromosomes begin moving to the centre of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Thread like structure made up of DNA and proteins |
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Term
What is this:
Thread like structure made up of DNA and proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
each of the identical chromosome strands in a replicated chromosome
attached by their shared centromere |
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Term
What is this: each of the identical chromosome strands in a replicated chromosome
attached by their shared centromere |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses
Made up of two chromatids held together by a centromere |
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Term
What is this:
Structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that carries genes, formed when chromatin condenses
Made up of two chromatids held together by a centromere |
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Definition
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
astral rays form around them |
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Definition
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|
Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
fibers of microtbules form around centrioles (mitotic spindle) |
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Definition
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
spindle fibers attach chromatids at centromere |
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Definition
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
chromosomes begin moving to the centre of cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during prometaphase in mitosis? |
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Definition
Nuclear envelope breaks down into fragments and disappears
Spindle fibers reach chromosomes
Chromosomes begin moving to cenrre of cell |
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Term
Which phase of mitosis is this:
Nuclear envelope breaks down into fragments and disappears |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during metaphase in mitosis? |
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Definition
| chromosomes line up in the middle of cell |
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Term
What mitosis phase is this:
Chromosomes line up in the centre of cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during anaphase in mitosis? |
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Definition
chromatids separate at the centromere
each chromatid is pulled to the opposite poles of the cell |
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
Each chromosome is pulled to the opposite pole of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during telophase in mitosis? |
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Definition
return to interphase conditions: nuclear envelope reappears, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes decondense to become chromatin again
furrow appears |
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
return to interphase conditions
chromosomes decondense
nucleoli reappear
nuclear envelope reappear
furrow forms |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phases of mitosis does the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear and appear? |
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Definition
Disappear in prophase
appear in telophase |
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis do chromomatids become full fledged chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes get pulled to the opposite poles? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the equator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during cytokinesis in mitosis? |
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Definition
division of cytoplasm
Parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells
parent organelles are distributed |
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Term
What phase of mitosis is this:
division of cytoplasm
Parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells
parent organelles are distributed |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a diploid number? |
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Definition
2n
Even number of chromosomes
Having 2 chromosomes of each type per cell |
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Term
| What number of chromosomes is present in mitosis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Fusion of the sex cells of two individuals to form an offspring that inherits genetic information from both parents |
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Term
What is this:
Fusion of the sex cells of two individuals to form an offspring that inherits genetic information from both parents |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can't mitosis be used for sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
If two cells, each with a full set of chromosomes, united, the offspring would have twice the amount of chromosomes of the parents
Meiosis exists to prevent doubling from occurring |
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Term
| What is the purpose of meiosis? |
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Definition
| Ensures that sex cells have the right type and number of chromosomes |
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Term
| What happens in Prophase I? |
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Definition
Chromosomes condense and shorten and become visible
Homologous chromosomes come together through synapsis
Often break and rejoin in several places (crossing over to exchange genetic information)
Each pair of homologous chromosomes contains 4 chromatids and is called a tetrad
Nuclear membrane and nucleoli have disappeared
In late prophase I, tetrads begin moving to the equator |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Chromosomes condense and shorten and become visible
Homologous chromosomes come together through synapsis
Often break and rejoin in several places (crossing over to exchange genetic information)
Each pair of homologous chromosomes contains 4 chromatids and is called a tetrad
Nuclear membrane and nucleoli have disappeared
In late prophase I, tetrads begin moving to the equator
b |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in Metaphase I? |
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Definition
| Tetrads move onto spindle fibers and line up |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Tetrads move onto spindle fibers and line up |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during Anaphase I? |
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Definition
| Homologous pairs move away as they separate, only one chromosome going to each pole |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Homologous pairs move away as they separate, only one chromosome going to each pole |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in Telophase I? |
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Definition
Chromosomes condense slightly
Nuclear membrane may form
Two daughter cells each with half of the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
Reduced from 2n to n |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Chromosomes condense slightly
Nuclear membrane may form
Two daughter cells each with half of the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
Reduced from 2n to n |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in Prophase II? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in Metaphase II? |
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Definition
| Chromosomes line up at the plate |
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Term
| What happens in Anaphase II? |
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Definition
| Chromosomes separate, each chromatid gets pulled to opposite side of the cell |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Chromosomes separate, each chromatid gets pulled to opposite side of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during Telophase II? |
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Definition
| Results in 4 haploid cells |
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Term
What phase of meiosis is this:
Results in 4 haploid cells |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
during Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) are intertwined and can exchange small bits of genetic info before moving on to metaphase I |
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Term
What is this describing?
during Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) are intertwined and can exchange small bits of genetic info before moving on to metaphase I |
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Definition
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Term
| When does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is independent assortment? |
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Definition
during Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) line up but order may be switched |
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Term
What is this describing:
during Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) line up but order may be switched |
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Definition
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Term
| When does independent assortment occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two ways in which genetic variability occurs in meiosis? |
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Definition
Crossing over - homologous chromosomes in prophase I exchange genetic information
Independent Assortment - in metaphase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes could line up in different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| paired set of homologous chromosomes, each chromosome with two chromatids |
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Term
What is this:
paired set of homologous chromosomes, each chromosome with two chromatids |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
| one of a pair of chromosomes that each carry genes for the same trait at the same location on the chromosome (one from mom one from dad) |
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Term
What is this:
one of a pair of chromosomes that each carry genes for the same trait at the same location on the chromosome (one from mom one from dad) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis; crossing over may occur |
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Term
What is this:
pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis; crossing over may occur |
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Definition
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Term
What is this:
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (prophase I) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (prophase I) |
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Term
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Definition
| when fertilization involves a sex cell that is missing a chromosome |
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Term
What is this:
when fertilization involves a sex cell that is missing a chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization with a sex cell that has an extra chromosome |
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Term
What is this:
fertilization with a sex cell that has an extra chromosome |
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Definition
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