Traits skip generations

Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents

All daughters of male who has the trait will also have the trait

No male to male transmission

Female with the trait only passes it on to her child if the child gets the infected X

Trait is far more common in females than males

all daughters of male with the trait will have atleast one copy of the trait

No male-to-mail transmission

If male has the trait, mother must have atleast 1 copy

Different alleles for a trait each code for enough proten than when they occur together, two different normal proteins are made

Ex. Blood type IA, IB, i

Both phenotypes show up fully

Dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein, so you see only the full effect when 2 copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell

ex...RW=Pink flowers

Second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not

Ex: B = black b = brown, C = color c= no color

Cellular organelles derive entirely from mother (sperm contain no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilazation)

Genes in organnelles have maternal DNA

Genomic Imprinting

Epigenesis

Certain genes seem to be encoded differently depending on which parent it comes from

methylation?

Ex. Mom's recessive allele causes disease but same one from dad doesnt!

Identical Genotypes = Different phenotypes

Some genes contain terminal regions of nucleotide repeats CAG

Excess repeats =

Huntings

Fragile X

Seen in repeat expansion diseases

Building up of a traight over the course of several generations

DNA wrapped around a histone

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein

stabalizes RNA in the nucleus

splicosome

transposable genetic elements

pieces of DNA that can move from place to place within an organism's genome

in bacteria: chromosome < --> plasmids

transp;osase enzyme and inverted repeats

Ab Resistance genes

only in eukaryotic genes

spliced out

non-coding region of dna that influences the activation of other genes

Bring transcription factors into contact with promoter regions of genes to enhance transcription

In promoter regions

A-T rich regions of DNA that are involved in the start of transcription

regions of dna rich in adenine and thymine tend to separate more easily than those rich in Cs and Gs

A/T form 2 double bonds, not 3