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Definition
| synthesis of a single-stranded RNA copy of a segment of DNA |
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Definition
| conversion of the mRNA base-sequence into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
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| encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. mRNAs are the transcripts of of protein-coding genes. Translation of an mRNA produces a polypeptide. |
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| with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes--the structures on which RNA is translated |
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Definition
| brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation. |
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| with proteins, forms complexes that are used in eukaryotic RNA processing to produce functional mRNAs |
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| sequences associated with each gene and are involved in regulating transcription |
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| catalyzes the process of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA double helix is dentaured by RNA polymerase in prokaryotes and other proteins in eukaryotes. RNA polymerase then catalyzes the synthesis of a single -stranded RNA chain beginning at the "start of transcription" point. The RNA chain is madae in the 5'-3' direction along the 3'to5' template strand. |
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Definition
| located in the nucleolus, catalyzes the snythesis of three of the RNAs found in ribosomes: 28s, 18s, and 5.8s rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the nucleoplasm, syntheszes mRNAs and some snRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the nucleoplasm, synthesizes: tRNAs, 5S rRNA and snRNAs not made by RNA polymerase II |
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Definition
| molecule-- a transcript that must be modified, processed, or both to produce the mature, functional mRNA molecule. |
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Term
| how are promoters analyzed? |
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Definition
| one way is to examine the effect of mutations that delete or alter base pairs upstream from the starting point of transcription and to see whether those mutants affect transcription. the second way is to compare the DNA sequences upstream of a number of protein-coding genes to see whether any regions have similar sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| set of cis (on the same side)- acting sequence elements needed for the transcription machiner to start RNA synthesis at the correct sit. |
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Term
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Definition
| 'cis' means "on the same side". a cis-acting sequence element affects the activity only of a gene on the same molecule of DNA |
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Term
| TATA box/ Goldberg-Hogness box |
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Definition
| located at about position -30. the TATA box has the seven nucleotide sequence 5'-TATAAAA-3'. this and the initiator specify where transcription machinery assembles and determine where transcription will begin |
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Term
| promoter-proximal elements |
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Definition
| upstream from TATA box, 50-200 nucleotides upstream from start of transcription. |
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Definition
| determine the efficiency of transcription initiation. |
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| cis acting. modulate transcription from a distance. |
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Definition
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| how does transcription happen? |
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Definition
| once all the promoters and everything are in place, the RNA polyermase shoots down the coding region, producing a strand of RNA that is complementary to the template strand, replacing the t's with u's. |
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Term
| production of mature mRNA |
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Definition
| the 5' has a methyl cap on the end, and the 3' end gets an addition of a poly AAAAA tail, made by poly(A) polymerase (PAP). snRPs take out the introns. |
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Term
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Definition
| before the introns are cut out, the mRNA goes to the spilceosome where u1-u6 snrps cut out the introns, and leave RNA in a lariat (loop) shape |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes an intron will fold into a secondary structure on its own and excise itself from the rna |
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Term
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Definition
| high-molecular-weight, nitrogen-containing organic compound of complex shape and composition. are made up of polypeptides, which are made of amino acids. each cell type has charracteristic set of proteins that gives it its functional properties |
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Definition
| a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of an adjacent amino acid. |
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Definition
| the primary structure of a polypeptide chain is the amino acid sequence. the amino acid sequence is directly determined by the base-pair sequence of the gene that encodes the poly peptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the regular folding and twisting of a portion of polypeptide chain into a variety of shapes. A polypeptide's secondary structure is the result of weak bonds, such as electrostatic or hydrogen bonds, between NH and CO groups. Ex: alpha helix or beta sheet |
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Definition
| the 3d structure of a single polypeptide chain. this is often called its conformation. |
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| complex of polypeptide chains in a multisubunit protein. |
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| deciphering the genetic code |
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Definition
1. code is a triplet code
2. code is continuous
3. code is non overlapping
4. code is almost universal
5. the code is degenerate- redundancy
6. the code has start and stop signals
7. wobble occurs in the anticodon-less exact base pairing can occur. |
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