Term
| Much is known about early Greek thinking regarding heredity and variation. What two notable Greeks provided early speculations on the nature of human genetics? |
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Definition
| Hippocrates and Aristotle |
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Term
| The branch of genetics which refers to the passage of genetic traits from one generation to the next is referred to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was the ability to observe cells with a microscope crucial to the foundation of modern genetics? |
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Definition
| Microscopes allowed the observation of chromosomes in the nucleus, and dividing in cell division |
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Term
| The contribution of James Watson and Francis Crick to modern genetics was to |
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Definition
| describe the structure of DNA |
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Term
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes. As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of DNA molecules in a rat cell in G2? |
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Definition
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Term
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes. As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of telomeres in a rat cell in G2? |
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Definition
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Term
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes. As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.
What is the total number of chromosomes in a polar body cell from a rat? |
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Definition
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Term
| A dividing eukaryotic cell is treated with a drug that inhibits the molecular motors associated with kinetochores. At which cell stage would it stop? |
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Definition
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Term
In a healthy male, how many sperm cells would be expected to be formed from
a) 400 primary spermatocytes?
b) 400 secondary spermatocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a healthy female, how many secondary oocytes would be expected to form from 100 primary oocytes? How many first polar bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outcome of synapsis, a significant event in meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| During interphase of the cell cycle, mitosis or meiosis, |
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Definition
| DNA content essentially doubles |
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Term
| What types of ratios are likely to occur in crosses when dealing with a single gene pair? |
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Definition
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Term
| Apply the product law to a coin-flip situation. What is the probability that on three flips of a coin, heads will occur on all three flips? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fundamental Mendelian process which involves the separation of contrasting genetic elements at the same locus would be called |
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Definition
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Term
This organism with such genotype;
Aa BB CC Dd EE |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the single individual whose work in the mid-19th century contributed to our understanding of the particulate nature of inheritance as well as basic genetic transmission patterns. With what organism did this person work? |
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Definition
| Gregor Mendel, Psium sativum |
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Term
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Definition
| an alternate form of a gene |
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Term
| In Drosophila, sex is determined by a balance between the number of haploid sets of autosomes and the number of |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, the genetic basis for determining the sex "male" is accomplished by the presence of |
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Definition
| a portion of the Y chromosome |
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Term
| Klinefelter syndrome in humans, which leads to underdeveloped testes and sterility is caused by which chromosomal condition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Red-Green color blindness is X-linked recessive. A woman with normal color vision has a father who is color-blind. The woman has a child with a man with normal color vision. Which phenotype is NOT expected? |
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Definition
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Term
| Red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. MN blood type is determined by an autosomal gene with two codominant alleles, L^M and L^N. A woman whose father was color-blind has type MN blood. She is going to have a child with a man who has normal color vision and type MN blood. What is the probability the child will be a boy with normal color vision and type M blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a germ-line cell from a female grasshopper (XX-XO sex determination system), when do the homologous X chromosomes segregate? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a germ-line cell from a human male that is dividing, when do the X and Y chromosomes segregate? |
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Definition
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Term
A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W:
The individual from which the cell came is |
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Definition
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Term
A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W:
What is the probability of a gemete from this individual that has the following genotype: alleles A and b, chromosome Z? |
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Definition
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Term
A eukaryotic diploid cell from an organism with the ZZ-ZW sex determination system has two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, Z and W:
Assume A and B are dominant alleles. If this individual was crossed to an individual of genotype AaBb, what is the probability of a female offspring with two dominant traits given by alleles A and B? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an inactivated X chromosomes, visible in the nucleus of a cell from a female mammal |
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Term
| A person has the genotype XY, but develops female. What is a possible explanation? |
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Definition
androgen insensitivity syndrome
mutation in SRY |
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Term
| With incomplete dominance, a likely ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross would be |
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Definition
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Term
| A situation where there are multiple alternative forms of a given gene would be called |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which one gene pair masks the expression of a non-allelic gene pair is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemizygosity would most likely be associated with which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of the mechanism of sex determination, males of many species can be neither homozygous or heterozygous. Such males are said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| interactions among the human ABO blood group alleles involve |
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Definition
| co-dominance and epistasis |
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Term
| Multi-factorial traits are influence by |
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Definition
| multiple genes and environment |
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Term
| If the characteristic followed in the pedigree is autosomal recessive, what is III-1's genotype? (picture on overhead) |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cell has 8 chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have during anaphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following organisms does NOT reproduce cells by mitosis and cytokinesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes called that control the activities of other proteins by phosphorylating them? |
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Definition
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Term
| The MPF protein complex turns itself off by |
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Definition
| activating an enzyme that destroys cyclin |
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Term
| Which of the following is the term for a human cell that contains 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species? |
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Definition
by allowing independent assortment of chromosomes
by allowing random fertilization
by allowing crossing over |
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Term
| You are genetically unique. This is at least in part a result of |
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Definition
random fertilization
genetic recombination
independent assortment of chromosomes |
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Term
| What was the most significant result Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? |
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Definition
| traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the result of "blending" |
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Term
| A couple who are both carriers of the gene for systic fibrosis have two children who have cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele. If one of your parents has the disease, what is the probability that you, too, will have the disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Crossing over or recombination cannot take place between X and Y chromosomes except at the |
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Definition
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Term
| When 2 genes control 1 characteristic with multiple phenotypes, this is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Codominant alleles are expressed in individuals that are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondrial DNA was followed to identify the Romanovs, the Russion Royal family killed in the revolution. Why was mitochondrial DNA followed? |
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Definition
| it's inheritance is easy to follow because it is inherited only from the mother |
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Term
| Cytoplasmic inheritance is due to |
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Definition
| mitochondrial and chloroplast genes |
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Term
| If a typical somatic cell has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete of that organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. A woman with normal color vision has a father who is color-blind. The woman has a child with a man with normal color vision. Which phenotype is NOT expected? |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which one gene pair masks the expression of a non-allelic gene pair is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic distances within a given linkage group |
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Definition
cannot exceed 100cM
are dependent upon crossover frequencies between paired, non-sister chromatids
are measured in centiMorgans |
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Term
| When two genes fail to assort independently the term normally applied is |
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Definition
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Term
| Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and all the offspring are either AaBb or aabb. These results are consistant with the following circumstance |
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Definition
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Term
| Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and the offspring fall into approximately equal numbers of the following groups: AaBb, Aabb, aaBb, aabb. These results are consistent with the following circumstance |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic cell hybridization |
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Definition
used to localize genes on specific chromosomes
is based on fusion of 2 different lines of cells
hybrid cells will not keep all the chromosomes and will lose them randomly |
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Term
| Assume that a cross is made between AaBb and aabb plants and the offspring occur in the following numbers: 106 AaBb, 48 aaBb, 94 aabb. These results are consistent with the following circumstance |
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Definition
| linkage with 50% crossing over |
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Term
| During interphase of the cell cycle, mitosis or meiosis |
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Definition
| DNA content essentially doubles |
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Term
| A bacterial cell transfers chromosomal genes to F- cells, but rarely causes them to become F'. The bacterial cell is |
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Definition
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Term
| The E. coli genome contains roughly |
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Definition
| 5,000,000 nucleotide pairs and 5000 genes |
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Term
| leu- bacteria are mixed in a flask with leu+ bacteria, and soon all bacteria are leu+. However, if the leu- cells are on one side of a u-tube and the leu+ cells are on the other, the leu- cells do not become prototrophic. This suggests |
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Definition
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Term
| Two different strains of a mutant phage infect a single bacterium. One phage strain is d- and the other e-. Some of the progeny are d+e+ and some are d-e-. What genetic phenomenon does this demonstrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do? |
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Definition
| it makes a DNA molecule using RNA as a template |
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Term
| Bananas do not have seeds because |
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Definition
| it is a triploid and can not produce viable gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name two forms of recombination in bacteria |
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Definition
| conjugation and transduction |
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Term
| Bacteriophage engage in two interactive cycles with bacteria. What are these cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
| A bacteriophage which is capable of entering either a lytic or lysogenic cycle is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Transduction is a form of recombination in bacteria which involves |
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Definition
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Term
| The clearing made by bacteriophage in a "lawn" of bacteria on an agar plate is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the general category into which double-stranded circular extrachromosomal DNA elements such as F factors, ColE1, and R would fall |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of sexduction means |
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Definition
transfer of a gene from one bacteria to another bacteria
the F' is involved in bacterial gene transfer
the bacteria receiving the gene become merozygotes (having 2 copies of same gene) |
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Term
| Gene deletion is always bad because |
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Definition
it causes imbalance in amount of gene product
it can cause pseudo dominance
it can cause haplodeficiency (or haplo-insufficiency) |
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Term
| ______ can cause genes to move from one linkage group to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inheritance of both chromosomes from the same parent is a condition called |
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Definition
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Term
| When an organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but not a complete haploid set, the condition is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| The condition known as cri-du-chat syndrome in humans as a genetic constitution designated as |
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Definition
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Term
| While the most frequent forms of Down syndrom are caused by random error, nondisjunction of chromosome 21, down syndrome occasionally runs in families. The cause of this form of familial Down syndrome is |
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Definition
| a translocation between chromosome 21 and a member of the D chromosome group |
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Term
| Robertsonian translocation |
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Definition
is due to exchange of a short arm of one chromosome with the long arm of another one
is responsible for the formation of the long chromosome 2 in human beings |
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Term
Which of the following are aneuploid?
monosomy
trisomy
tetrasomy
nullisomy |
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Definition
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Term
| A genomic condition which may be responsible for some forms of fragile X syndrome as well as Huntington disease involves |
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Definition
| various lengths of trinucleotide repeats |
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Term
| Recently, a gene located on chromosome 3 in humans, FHIT has been shown to be associated with the significant human malady known as |
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Definition
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Term
| A DNA sample is tested for base composition. Which choice is one of the expected results? |
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Definition
| 50% purines, 50% pyrimidines |
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Term
| If a DNA molecule is 30% cytosine (C), which is the percent guanine (G)? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a DNA molecule of 50 base pairs contains 15 cytosine bases (C), how many thymine bases will it have? |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic structure of a nucleotide includes the following components |
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Definition
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Term
| The classic Hershey and Chase (1952) experiment which offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophage made use of the following labeled components |
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Definition
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Term
| Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in association with retroviral activity. It has the property of |
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Definition
| synthesis of DNA from an RNA template |
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Term
| What are the two major components of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering the structure of double stranded DNA, what kinds of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcriptionally active genes are sensitive to _______, indicating that chromatin structure is _______ during transcription. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transposition can involve exchange of DNA sequences and recombination, which often leads to DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| For a chromosome to be functioning, it must have some of the following elements |
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Definition
a centromere
2 telomeres
at lease some few genes
an origin of replication |
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Term
| The enzyme telomerase is involved in |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following DNA classes codes for protein? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is found in humans
is a non-functioning DNA sequence |
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Term
| Transposable elements have some shared characteristics: |
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Definition
all have flanking direct repeat on their 2 ends
most have terminal inverted repeat
all have transposase |
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Term
| Which of the following statements is NOT true for all E. coli DNA polymerases? |
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Definition
| they possess 5' to 3' exonuclease activity |
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Term
| The holliday model refers to ______ and involves _______. |
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Definition
| branch migration; homologous recombination |
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Term
| Requirements for DNA replication are: |
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Definition
a single strand DNA or template
raw materials (dNTPs)
DNA-polymerase |
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Term
| What do initiation proteins do? |
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Definition
help the DNA-polymerase to get activated
helps with unwinding by helicase
bind to replicaiton origin and CAUSE a short section of DNA to unwind
sticks to the single stranded DNA and stop them from binding together again |
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Term
| Direction of DNA-synthesis and elongation is |
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Definition
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Term
| When considering the initiation of transcription one often finds consensus sequences located in the region of the DNA where RNA polymerases bind. Which are common consensus sequences? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name given to the three bases in a messenger RNA which bind to the anticodon of tRNA to specify an amino acid placement in a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic code is fairly consistent among all organisms. The term often used to such consistency in the code is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following two terms relates most closely to split genes? |
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Definition
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