Term
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Definition
| consists of a sugar and a base |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a base |
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Term
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Definition
| links the sugar to the base |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to an OH group in RNA and H in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2 carbons used to create phosphodiester linkages between nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
single carbon + nitrogen ring
C, U, T
1'C sugar covalently bonded to N1 of ring (1'C to N1) |
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Term
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Definition
double carbon + nitrogen ring
A, G
1'C of sugar covalently bonded to N9 of ring (1'C to N9) |
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Term
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Definition
| one end of a chain of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds has a free phosphate group (5' end). the other end has a free OH group (3' end). The 2 strands are antiparallel |
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Term
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Definition
consists of:
phosphoric acid
deoxyribose sugar (lacks 2' OH)
nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T)
double stranded, stable at high pH, labile at low pH |
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Term
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Definition
consists of:
phosphoric acid
ribose sugar (has 2' OH)
nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U)
single stranded, stable at low pH, labile at high pH |
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Term
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Definition
| new and original strand form helix |
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Term
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Definition
| original strands reform double helix, 2 new stands form from a new helix |
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Term
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Definition
old strands break into pieces, new DNA synthesized and reorganized into mixture of old and new pieces of DNA
proven by Meselson and Stahl |
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Term
| origin of replication (ori) |
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Definition
| where replication is initiated by an enzyme that destabilizes the double helix and then acts to keep the relication bubble open |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which the 2 strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand |
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Term
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Definition
| forces open strands of DNA |
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Term
| single stranded binding protein (SSBP) |
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Definition
| complex DNA to keep strands open |
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Term
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Definition
| unwinds supercoiled DNA ahead the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| makes RNA primer 5-15 nt long |
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Term
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Definition
extends DNA from RNA primer
synthesizes new strands of DNA on the leading and lagging strands |
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Term
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Definition
| the strand that is made in the 5' to 3' direction by continuous polymerization at the 3' growing tip (DNA continually extended in 3' direction as double helix opens) |
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Term
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Definition
| the strand that is synthesized by ligating the short fragments synthesized individually in the 5' to 3' direction (DNA made in pieces as double helix opened) |
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Term
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Definition
| short DNA fragments (1000-2000 nucleotides) made as lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| removes RNA primers and fills in gaps between Okazaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that can rejoin a broken phosphodiester bond in DNA (ligation-links all fragments) |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide insertion or deletion causing a disruption of the protein reading frame |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of DNA/RNA three nucleotide pairs (triplets) in length that codes for a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that alters a single codon so that it encodes a different amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that alters a single codon to a stop codon causing protein synthesis to terminate |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that makes no change in the amino acid sequence, that doesnt not alter protein function |
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Term
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Definition
a regulatory element found in the 5' region of a gene that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and regulates the initiation of transcription
(regulates the initiation) |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase core enzyme + sigma polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| helps RNA polymerase to search for, recognize, and bind specifically to promoter regions. required for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. after transcription, dissociates and moves to another core enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA hairpin loop serves as a signal for RNA polymerase release and termination of transcription |
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Term
| alternative termination method |
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Definition
| rho protein binds to specific sequences referred to as rut as they exit RNA polymerase. rho dissociatiates RNA from RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| derivation of amino acid sequence of a polypeptide from the base sequence of an mRNA molecule in association with a ribosome. consists of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction by chemically altering one molecule (substrate) to another molecule (product). most are proteins. recycled. |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure composed of 2 or more ribosomes associated with mRNA and engaged in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of promoter region + operator + structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| β-galactosidase- lactose catabolism, breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| galactoside permease- concentrate lactose in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| thiogalactoside transacetylase- function uncertain... may remove toxic byproducts of lactose catabolism from cell |
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Term
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Definition
| repressor gene, product (R) binds Operator to inhibit transcription (negative gene regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| controls transcription of three structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
| lactose binds repressor product, which no longer binds operator |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binding + CAP-cAMP binding |
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Term
| catabolic activator protein (CAP) |
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Definition
| binds promoter region to activate transcription of structural genes (positive gene regulation) |
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Term
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
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Definition
| complexes with CAP to allow efficient binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region |
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Term
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Definition
| protein acts to turn a gene off. preventing transcription of genes in the lac operon and subsequent energy wastage when there is no lactose to use as a carbon source to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of adjacent genes whose mRNAs are synthesized in one piece; also includes the DNA sequences that control (regulate) transcription of the genes (e.g. promoter, operator)....operons are unique to prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that makes a protein or RNA that carries out a function in the cell but does not control the transcription of other genes |
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Term
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Definition
DNA sequence physically connected to and adjacent to a gene; controls transcription of the gene (e.g. promoter and operator)...is considered to be part of the gene
does not make a protein or RNA product and cannot influence the transcription of any gene that is not physically linked to... a binding site for trans-regulatory proteins to anchor them close to a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that controls transcription of other genes; in eukaryotes often not physically linked to the genes it controls (i.e. may be on another chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| a change from one conformation of a protein to another |
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Term
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Definition
| an mRNA that is translated into more than one protein (cistron=gene) ... unique to prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| an environmental agent that triggers transcription from a gene; example=lactose |
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Term
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Definition
| the relief of repression for a gene, or set of genes, under negative control |
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Term
| constitutive gene expression |
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Definition
| unregulated expression of a gene (i.e. always transcribed) |
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Term
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Definition
| protein acts to turn gene on; a mechanism to ensure that glucose will be preferentially utilized if both glucose and lactose are present |
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