Term
| Function of DNA Polymerase |
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes (provides a place for) assembly of a new strand. Bases are reversed (thymine across from adenine, etc). Also synthesizes missing strands when DNA is damaged by UV, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| used to separate strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins the end of a new strand of DNA to the old one (when repairing DNA) |
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Term
| Leading strand and lagging strand |
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Definition
Leading strand: has 5' interior which moves inward, splitting the DNA
Lagging Strand: 3' interior, goes outwards.
Both become daughter strands on the new DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| During replication, the strands of the double helix unwind and each separated strand serves as a template against which a complementary strand is synthesized. DNA polymerase catalyzes assembly of a new strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed from the DNA Sense Strand to mRNA. It may be processed further after initial transcription. |
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Term
| How is the RNA transcript processed to remove introns |
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Definition
| A 5' cap (methyl guanine) and 3' tail (polyadenate) are added to the primary transcript. Introns are removed and coding regions are spliced together, then mature mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| How a mRNA transcript is translated into a polypeptide and how ribosomes and tRNA molecules function in this process |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genetic code? How does it work? |
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Definition
| Set of rules by which information processed into DNA or mRNA is translated into protein sequences. |
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Term
| Codons and anticodons. What and where? |
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Definition
Codon: coding unit on DNA and RNA made up of 3 bases that is used to make one of 20 amino acids. Many codons are redundant.
Anticodon: a unit made up of 3 nucleotides that correspond to the 3 bases of th codon on the mRNA. Example: if mRNA has AAA (lysine), tRNA will have UUU. It actually holds the amino acid |
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Term
| Redundancy (in terms of genetic code) |
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Definition
| Several different combinations of codons create each type of amino acid. Example: UUU and UUC create phenylalanine |
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Term
| regulation of gene expression. Why is it important? |
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Definition
| allows cells to differentiate |
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Term
| basic steps of meiosis and major events that occur at each step (part 1) |
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Definition
Premeiotic Interphase: DNA replicates
Prophase 1: homologous chromosomes synapse, forming tetrads. Crossing over occurs. Nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase 1: Tetrads line up on equatorial plane of cell.
Anaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids are still attached at their centromeres.
Teleophase 1: One of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole. Cytokinesis occurs.
Interkinesis: DNA does not replicate. Chromatids are still joined. Chromosomes do not completely elongate. |
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Term
| Crossing over and recombination |
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Definition
Recombination allows for separate sister chromatids to exchange DNA during meiosis.
Crossing Over: One of the final stages of recombination. Matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome. |
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Term
| How do crossing over and recombination work to increase genetic variation in gametes? |
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Definition
| crossing over enables recombination of genes between homologous chromosomes |
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Term
| How does independent assortment work? How does it increase genetic variation as well? |
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Definition
| independent assortment of chromosomes allows for multiple different combinations of chromosomes in haploid daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes: Traits that are passed from parents to offspring |
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Term
| Definitions: Homozygous, heterozygous, hemizygus |
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Definition
homozygous having identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes (either AA or aa)
heterozygous: having different alleles on homologous chromosomes (Aa)
Hemizygous: only one allele for the gene is present (X-linked genes for males) |
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Term
| Mendels's laws of segregation |
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Definition
| Law of Segregation: in the formation of gametes, paired factors specifying alternative phenotypes segregate independently of one another. |
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Term
| sex determination in humans and how sex-linked traits are inherited in males and females |
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Definition
| Sex determination is XX female, XY male for humans. If recessive, male will get it because only has 1 x-chromosome. Females can get it only if recessive on both Xs |
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Term
| Mendel's law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleic acid sequence (usually DNA) that codes for a functional polypeptide (set of amino acids) or RNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acids composed of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| A single unit composed of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate |
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Term
| Difference between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
DNA: Double-stranded, deoxyribose as the sugar, TCAG bases.
RNA: single stranded, ribose used as the sugar, UCAG bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar-phosphate backbone (alternating sugars and phosphates), TACG bases connect at sugar, then are held together with hydrogen bonds. Sugars and phosphates are held together with phosphodiester bonds. |
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Term
basic steps of meiosis and major events that occur at each step (part 2)
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Definition
Prophase 2: Chromosomes condense again
Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up along an equatorial plane of the cell.
Anaphase 2: Sister chromatids separate, chromosomes move to opposite poles
Teleophase 2: Nuclei form at opposite poles of each cell, and cytokinesis occurs.
Haploid cells: Done! 4 haploid cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Haploid: full set of chromosomes (2n)
Diploid: half set of chromosomes (sex cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetrads: paired and replicated chromosomes in prophase. 2 chromosomes, 4 chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait: Variant for a character (eg white or purple flowers) |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenotype: Visible traits. Can be combination of nature and nurture (ie identical twins aren't identical) |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles: different forms of a given gene that an organism may express (eye color, eg) |
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Term
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Definition
| genotype: The allele combinations in an individual that cause a particular trait or disorder. |
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